Table 3.
Demographic and clinical comparisons of beneficiaries with heart failure and digoxin treatment status
| HF received digoxin (n = 496) | HF did not receive digoxin (n = 13,548) | Chi-square test p value | Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI), p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.5789 | |||
| Male | 316 (63.71) | 8465 (62.48) | 1 | |
| Female | 180 (36.29) | 5083 (37.52) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35), 0.8961 | |
| Age group (y) | < 0.0001 | |||
| 18–24 | 11 (2.22) | 618 (4.56) | 1.19 (0.61–2.34), 0.5895 | |
| 25–34 | 16 (3.23) | 882 (6.51) | 1.09 (0.60–1.98), 0.7805 | |
| 35–44 | 30 (6.05) | 1354 (9.99) | 0.90 (0.60–1.37), 0.6237 | |
| 45–54 | 97 (19.56) | 2774 (20.48) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20), 0.6220 | |
| 55–64 | 342 (68.95) | 7920 (58.46) | 1 | |
| Race | 0.8124, 0.6928a | |||
| White | 225 (45.36) | 5858 (43.24) | 1 | |
| Black | 102 (20.56) | 2926 (21.60) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06), 0.0917 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 13 (2.62) | 396 (2.92) | 0.89 (0.53–1.51), 0.6361 | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ** | ** | ** | |
| Other | 21 (4.23) | 739 (5.45) | 0.85 (0.54–1.32), 0.5973 | |
| Missing | 132 (26.61) | 3555 (26.24) | – | |
| Beneficiary status | < 0.0001, < 0.0001a | |||
| Active duty | 17 (3.43) | 1489 (10.99) | 0.43 (0.24–0.77), 0.0038 | |
| Dependent of other | 173 (34.88) | 4258 (31.43) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35), 0.8477 | |
| Dependent of active duty | 17 (3.43) | 969 (7.15) | 0.50 (0.26–0.95), 0.0330 | |
| Retiree | 289 (58.27) | 6803 (50.21) | 1 | |
| Missing | ** | ** | – | |
| Service/sponsor’s service | 0.2729 | |||
| Army | 188 (37.90) | 5291 (39.05) | – | |
| Air Force | 160 (32.26) | 3909 (28.85) | – | |
| Navy | 116 (23.39) | 3192 (23.56) | – | |
| Marine Corps | 21 (4.23) | 841 (6.21) | – | |
| Other | 11 (2.22) | 315 (2.33) | – | |
| Rank/sponsor’s rank | 0.0018 | |||
| Junior Enlisted | 14 (2.82) | 736 (5.43) | 0.80 (0.45–1.42), 0.4361 | |
| Senior Enlisted | 399 (80.44) | 9857 (72.76) | 1 | |
| Junior Officer | 12 (2.42) | 605 (4.47) | 0.61 (0.34–1.10), 0.1059 | |
| Senior Officer | 42 (8.47) | 1372 (10.13) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18), 0.3368 | |
| Other | 29 (5.85) | 978 (7.22) | 0.97 (0.64–1.47), 0.8522 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | < 0.0001 | |||
| No score | ** | ** | ** | |
| Mild (1–2) | 306 (61.69) | 9469 (69.89) | 1 | |
| Moderate (3–4) | 138 (27.82) | 2335 (17.24) | 1.70 (1.38–2.09), < 0.0001 | |
| Severe (≥ 5) | 51 (10.28) | 906 (6.69) | 1.60 (1.18–2.18), 0.0028 | |
| COVID-19 | 51 (10.28) | 1439 (10.62) | 0.8096 | 1.02 (0.76–1.37), 0.9014 |
| Receipt of select prescriptions | ||||
| β-Blockers | 441 (88.91) | 8926 (65.88) | < 0.0001 | |
| ACE inhibitors | 167 (33.67) | 4169 (30.77) | 0.1701 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 128 (25.81) | 3223 (23.79) | 0.3006 | |
| COVID-19–related conditions | ||||
| Contact with and (suspected) exposure to COVID-19 | 170 (34.27) | 3705 (27.35) | 0.0007 | |
| Personal history of COVID-19 | 21 (4.23) | 622 (4.59) | 0.7085 | |
| Multisystem inflammatory syndrome | 0 | ** | 0.5450 | |
| Other specified systemic involvement of connective tissue | ** | ** | 0.6392 | |
| Pneumonia due to COVID-19 | 11 (2.22) | 355 (2.62) | 0.5804 | |
| Screening encounter for COVID-19 | 20 (4.03) | 479 (3.54) | 0.5573 | |
| Admission for HF, COVID-19 or related condition | 203 (40.93) | 3602 (26.59) | < 0.0001 | |
| Died during study period | 13 (2.62) | 260 (1.92) | 0.2661 |
Data presented as n (col %)
Service was used as an adjustment factor and imputation predictions due to race not being equally represented across all service branches. Due to the low proportions of no CCI score among those receiving digoxin, ‘mild’ score was selected as the referent group due to it having the highest proportions among both those who did and did not receive digoxin. Additional clinical characteristics from ‘receipt of select prescriptions’ and below were not included as predictors in the adjusted logistic regression model
HF heart failure, CI confidence interval
**Censored to protect patient anonymity due to small cell counts
ap value with missing values removed