Table 11.
Significant differences in microbiota metabolic functions between the ceca and the three small intestine segments.
| Ceca Microbiota metabolic functions | > Duodenum | > Jejunum | > Ileum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein digestion and absorption | P < 0.002 | P < 0.00016 | P < 0.0001 |
| Steroid hormone biosynthesis | P < 0.0006 | P < 0.0009 | P < 0.0003 |
| Insulin signaling pathway | P < 0.049 | P < 0.00007 | P < 0.0008 |
| Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | P < 0.002 | P < 0.002 | |
| Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—globo series | P < 0.0008 | P < 0.0006 | P < 0.002 |
| Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—ganglio series | P < 0.0005 | P < 0.0008 | P < 0.002 |
| Other Glycan degradation | P < 0.0006 | P < 0.0013 | P < 0.001 |
| Glycosaminoglycan degradation | P < 0.0007 | P < 0.0017 | P < 0.001 |
| Sphingolipid metabolism | P < 0.0015 | P < 0.0015 | P < 0.002 |
| Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | P < 0.001 | P < 0.0085 | P < 0.003 |
| Galactose metabolism | P < 0.009 | P < 0.004 | |
| Glutametergic synapse | P < 0.001 | P < 0.046 | P < 0.028 |
| Restriction enzyme | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Nitrogen metabolism | P < 0.0021 | ||
| Other ion-coupled transporters | P < 0.0004 | ||
| Carbohydrate digestion and absorption | P < 0.030 | P < 0.0004 | P < 0.007 |
| Purine metabolism | P < 0.006 | P < 0.004 | |
| Zeatin biosynthesis | P < 0.011 | P < 0.010 | P < 0.009 |
| Biotin metabolism | P < 0.026 | P < 0.010 | P < 0.003 |
| Streptomycin biosynthesis | P < 0.005 | P < 0.014 | P < 0.010 |
| Sulfur metabolism | P < 0.032 | P < 0.011 | |
| Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis | P < 0.017 | P < 0.009 | P < 0.011 |
| Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | P < 0.023 | P < 0.011 | |
| Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | P < 0.012 | P < 0.042 | |
| Antigen processing and presentation | P < 0.046 | P < 0.0019 | P < 0.012 |
| NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | P < 0.046 | P < 0.0021 | P < 0.012 |
| Energy metabolism | P < 0.026 | P < 0.013 | |
| Butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis | P < 0.017 | P < 0.015 | |
| Secondary bile acid biosynthesis | P < 0.042 | P < 0.017 | |
| Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism | P < 0.0026 | P < 0.02 | |
| Vitamin B6 metabolism | P < 0.037 | P < 0.005 | P < 0.021 |
| Other transporters | P < 0.049 | P < 0.0027 | P < 0.024 |
| Nitrogen metabolism | P < 0.0021 | ||
| Biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibiotics | P < 0.0026 | P < 0.0024 | P < 0.0034 |
| Adipocytokine signaling pathway | P < 0.0049 | P < 0.044 | |
| Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein | P < 0.016 | P < 0.040 | |
| Methane metabolism | P < 0.013 | ||
| Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis | P < 0.023 | P < 0.020 |