Table 1.

Sex demographic profiles in sample DLB studies

Reference	Country	Referral base	Study type	Diagnostic criteria used	Epidemiology (if reported)	Men/ women ratio	Term Used in Publication (Sex or Gender) ^b
Population-based studies
Yue et al., 2016 [117]	China	Door-to-door in rural China	Cross-sectional, door-to-door, population-based study across 56 villages in Ji County	DSM-IV criteria	Prevalence/total population, % (95% CI) Men: 1.22 (0.78–1.65) Women: 0.91 (0.57–1.25) Prevalence/dementia population, % (95% CI) Men: 15.15 (10.16–20.15) Women: 7.45 (4.79–10.10)	Men: n=30 (51.7%) Women: n=28 (48.3%)	Sex
Savica et al., 2013 [12]	U.S.	Medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP)	Retrospective study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	Incidence/all ages, Rate per 100,000 person-years Men: 4.8 Women: 2.2 Incidence/over 65 years old, Rate per 100,000 person-years Men: 54.2 Women: 16.2	Men: n=43 (67%) Women: n=21 (33%)	Sex
Williams et al., 2006 [94]	U.S.	Recruited via word of mouth, public service announcements, and referrals from physicians in the St. Louis area	Prospective longitudinal study	DLB Consortium 1st Consensus Criteria and neuropathology confirmation	N/A	Men: n=38 (60%) Women: n=25 (40%)	Gender
Goodman et al., 2017 [118]	U.S.	Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS) administrative enrollment and claims data for 100% of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in the fee-for-service (FFS) program	Retrospective study	ICD-9 codes with 331.82 or 332.0 + 331.0 ^a	N/A	Women: n= 85,234 (50.5%) Men: n= 83,395 (49.5%)	Sex
Rahkonen et al., 2003 [119]	Finland	Random sample drawn from “Kuopio 75+” population health survey study in the city of Kuopio	Population healthy survey study	DLB Consortium 1st Consensus Criteria	N/A	Women: n=26 (87%) Men: n=4 (13%)	Sex
Gascón-Bayarri et al., 2007 [120]	Spain	Population-based in El Prat del Llobregat, in the Barcelona’s Metropolitan Area, in Catalonia, Spain	Population-based survey study	DLB Consortium 1st Consensus Criteria	Overall DLB prevalence: 9.09 (5.18-14.55) Men: 0.4 Women:1.2	Women: n=13 (87%) Men: n=2 (13%)	Sex
Secondary care / large database studies
Gan et al., 2021 [121]	China	Nine memory clinics in the China Lewy Body Disease Collaborative Alliance	Retrospective study	DSM-IV criteria	N/A	Male: n=177 (50.9%) Female: n=171 (49.1%)	Sex/Gender ^b
Yang et al., 2018 [122]	Taiwan	DLB patient data obtained between 2000-2013 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD)	Retrospective study	ICD-9-CM code 331.82, or following 1-year rule of having parkinsonism and dementia (ICD-9-CM does 332, 333, 290.0, 290.1, 290.2, 290.3, 294.1, 3331.0)	Incidence/all ages, Rate per 100,000 person-years Men 7.06 Women 7.14	Men: n=438 (50.2%) Women: n=434 (49.8)	Sex
Utsumi et al., 2020 [17]	Japan	Outpatient psychiatry clinic in Sunagawa City Medical Center	Retrospective study	DLB Consortium 4th Consensus Criteria	N/A	Women: n=133 (57%) Men: n=101 (43%)	Gender
Breitve et al., 2016 [89]	Norway	Outpatient clinics of old age psychiatry and geriatric medicine in western Norway	Longitudinal study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	N/A	Men: n=40 (55.6%) Women: n=32 (44.4%)	Sex
Rongve et al., 2016 [123]	Norway	Outpatient geriatric, psychiatric and neurology clinics in western Norway	Five-year prospective cohort study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	N/A	Men: n=35 (52.2%) Women: n=32 (47.8%)	Sex
Aarsland et al., 2008 [124]	Norway	Outpatient clinics in neurology, geriatric medicine and old age psychiatry in the counties of Rogaland and Hordaland in Western Norway	Retrospective cohort study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	N/A	Women: n=20 (51.3%) Men: n=19 (48.7%)	Gender
Farina et al., 2009 [125]	Italy	Eight Italian memory clinics	Mixed retrospective and prospective study	DLB Consortium 1st Consensus Criteria	N/A	Men: n=52 (51%) Women: n=50 (49%)	Sex
Choudhury et al., 2021 [15]	U.S.	Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC)	Prospective longitudinal cohort study	DLB Consortium 4th Consensus Criteria	N/A	Men: n=370 (76%) Women: n=118 (24%)	Sex
Bayram et al., 2021 [14]	U.S.	Neuropathologicall y confirmed cases from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) database	Retrospective study	DLB Consortium 4th Consensus Criteria for neuropathology associated with a high likelihood of exhibiting a DLB phenotype	N/A	Men: n=156 (74%) Women: n=55 (26%)	Sex
Kane et al., 2018 [23]	U.K.	Nine participating psychiatry of old age/memory clinic services in the UK across four NHS hospital trusts in East Anglia and North-East England	Retrospective case series		Overall DLB prevalence 4.6 (4.0–5.2) • 113 M/94 F (54.6% M) Overall DLB incidence 4.8 (4.0–5.7) • 62 M/61 F (50.4% M)	Men: n=113 (54.6%) Women: n=94 (45.4%)	Sex
Price et al., 2017 [95]	U.K.	Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), which provides secondary mental healthcare	Retrospective naturalistic cohort study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	N/A	Women: n=129 (51.4%) Men: n=122 (48.6%)	Sex
Mouton et al., 2018 [16]	France	French National Alzheimer database (Banque Nationale Alzheimer [BNA]), which stores information from French memory centers and private practice neurologists	Repeated cross-sectional study	DLB Consortium 3rd Consensus Criteria	N/A	Women: n=5,635 (54.7%) Men: n=4,674 (45.3%)	Sex/Gender ^b
van de Beek et al., 2020 [18]	Netherla nds	Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (patient selection based on CSF availability)	Retrospective study	DLB Consortium 4th Consensus Criteria	N/A	Men: n=184 (83%) Women: n=39 (17%)	Sex

DLB=dementia with Lewy bodies; CI=Confidence Interval; ICD=International Classification of Diseases; DSM=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Method of defining dementia allowed beneficiaries to be classified as having more than one dementia subtype.

Sex and gender terms were used interchangeably, though authors’ interpretations seemed to suggest biological definition of “sex”.