(a) Multiplexed electrochemical biosensor that directly interfaces with patient bandage for quasi-continuous monitoring of biomarkers, infection, and physiological status of the wound exudate. Panel adapted with permission from Reference 97 (CC BY-NC 4.0). (b) Schematic of a conductive nonfouling surfaces for improved electron transfer while preventing nonspecific binding an electrochemical sensor. Panel adapted with permission from Reference 99; copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons. (c) Nanobody-conjugated organic electrochemical transistor for single-molecule quantification of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV spike antigens. Panel adapted with permission from Reference 102; copyright 2021 Nature Publishing Group. Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; CE, counter electrode; GA, glutaraldehyde; HDT, 1,6-hexanedithiol; IL, interleukin; PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; RE, reference electrode; rGOx, reduced graphene oxide nanoflake; SAM, self-assembled monolayer; T, temperature; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-beta 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.