. 2023 Mar 5;18:100628. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100628

Table 3.

Contents of individual phenolic compounds (mg/kg DW^a) in red proso millet (QY-R)^b at different germination stages.

	Phenolic compounds	*G0	S1	G2	G4	G6
Free	Hydroxybenzoic acids
	Protocatechualdehyde	55.55 ± 2.18^a	31.74 ± 1.47^b	25.02 ± 1.78^c	n.d.	n.d.
	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	37.55 ± 1.02^a	3.51 ± 0.56^b	1.55 ± 0.40^c	n.d.	n.d.
	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	34.59 ± 1.35^a	1.48 ± 0.13^c	2.09 ± 0.07^bc	2.30 ± 0.07^bc	3.54 ± 0.31^b
	Hydroxycinnamic acids
	trans-p-Coumaric acid	41.20 ± 1.14^a	7.01 ± 0.77^b	6.26 ± 0.27^b	2.23 ± 0.11^c	2.83 ± 0.08^c
	trans-Ferulic acid	4.86 ± 0.30^bc	3.70 ± 0.47^c	5.94 ± 0.07^b	22.20 ± 0.77^a	23.33 ± 0.91^a
	Feruloylquinic acid	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	21.84 ± 0.90^b	25.22 ± 0.90^a
	N,N′-bis-(p-coumaroyl)- putrescine	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	6.68 ± 0.12^b	12.30 ± 0.68^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	13.72 ± 0.35^b	15.58 ± 0.49^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acid spermidines
	N′,N″-dicaffeoylspermidine	3.44 ± 0.11^a	0.78 ± 0.13^c	0.77 ± 0.12^c	0.72 ± 0.05^c	1.13 ± 0.08^b
	N′-caffeoyl-N″-feruloylspermidine	23.54 ± 0.77^a	20.54 ± 0.73^b	9.69 ± 0.32^e	14.19 ± 1.00^d	17.61 ± 0.68^c
	Hydroxycinnamic acid serotonins
	N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin	34.16 ± 5.10^a	5.56 ± 0.18^b	5.25 ± 0.10^b	2.68 ± 0.04^b	2.70 ± 0.03^b
	N-feruloylserotonin	5.10 ± 0.13^b	3.63 ± 0.04^c	2.68 ± 0.05^d	5.39 ± 0.51^b	7.05 ± 0.44^a

Bound	Hydroxybenzoic acids
	Protocatechualdehyde	35.32 ± 1.28^a	1.63 ± 0.29 ^d	3.22 ± 0.27^cd	4.15 ± 0.12^bc	4.86 ± 0.12^b
	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	72.90 ± 2.75^a	11.83 ± 1.14^b	7.75 ± 1.09^c	0.27 ± 0.04^d	0.20 ± 0.04^d
	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	115.75 ± 2.34^a	103.52 ± 4.56^b	87.23 ± 1.68^c	25.61 ± 1.40^d	2.84 ± 0.24^e
	Vanillic acid	134.74 ± 2.72^d	125.19 ± 1.83^e	180.21 ± 1.44^c	277.94 ± 2.39^b	284.24 ± 2.03^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acids
	trans-p-Coumaric acid	546.40 ± 2.85^d	559.20 ± 3.68^cd	573.42 ± 3.28^bc	579.23 ± 9.79^b	646.48 ± 4.01^a
	cis-p-Coumaric acid	25.24 ± 1.10^c	25.13 ± 0.99^c	25.88 ± 1.16^bc	28.23 ± 1.13^b	32.41 ± 1.08^a
	trans-Ferulic acid	538.49 ± 1.78^d	541.95 ± 3.84^d	705.56 ± 3.86^c	2795.28 ± 3.84^b	3180.94 ± 5.38^a
	8,8′-aryltetralin-DFA	10.88 ± 0.36^bc	9.49 ± 0.56^c	10.51 ± 0.40^bc	12.40 ± 0.85^b	20.65 ± 1.45^a
	cis-Ferulic acid	66.50 ± 1.02^c	61.79 ± 1.77^c	63.28 ± 1.82^c	371.09 ± 2.73^b	509.52 ± 2.90^a
	8,8′-DFA	13.48 ± 0.17^d	13.17 ± 0.15^d	17.81 ± 0.16^c	36.34 ± 1.19^b	53.31 ± 1.35^a
	8,5′-DFA	n.d.	n.d.	44.57 ± 1.30^c	150.52 ± 2.08^b	209.34 ± 1.52^a
	Trans-trans-8-O-4′–DFA	29.90 ± 0.59^d	30.25 ± 0.69^d	46.59 ± 1.14^c	123.31 ± 2.04^b	169.79 ± 2.63^a
	5-5′-DFA	22.13 ± 0.67^d	22.82 ± 0.96^d	33.70 ± 1.07^c	131.74 ± 1.80^b	179.58 ± 2.77^a
	8-5′-DFA^benzofuran	8.10 ± 0.23^d	6.55 ± 0.06^e	11.49 ± 0.23^c	12.92 ± 0.23^b	13.83 ± 0.16^a
	Trans-cis-8-O-4′–DFA	5.39 ± 0.09^c	5.99 ± 0.10^c	6.98 ± 0.08^c	24.44 ± 1.07^b	29.85 ± 1.09^a

*G0 stands for raw, ungerminated proso millet, S1 means soaked proso millets, and G2, G4 and G6 imply proso millet germinated for 2, 4 and 6 days.

n.d., not detected.

DW, dry weight of sample.

Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Values with no letters in common are significantly different (p < 0.05).