. 2023 Mar 5;18:100628. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100628

Table 4.

Contents of individual phenolic compounds (mg/kg DW ^a) in yellow proso millet (DX-Y) ^b at different germination stages.

	Phenolic compounds	*G0	S1	G2	G4	G6
Free	Hydroxybenzoic acids
	Protocatechualdehyde	56.09 ± 1.17^a	42.46 ± 0.98^b	31.46 ± 1.25^c	n.d.	n.d.
	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	35.43 ± 1.14^a	5.06 ± 0.07^b	1.74 ± 0.17^c	n.d.	n.d.
	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	37.20 ± 0.67^a	7.63 ± 0.22^b	6.20 ± 0.17^c	1.86 ± 0.18^d	0.60 ± 0.10^e
	Hydroxycinnamic acids
	trans-p-Coumaric acid	40.31 ± 1.19^a	7.22 ± 0.12^b	6.82 ± 0.17^b	2.33 ± 0.11^c	2.66 ± 0.11^c
	trans-Ferulic acid	3.18 ± 0.16^d	3.44 ± 0.10^d	9.30 ± 0.35^c	21.53 ± 0.76^b	21.63 ± 0.65^a
	Feruloylquinic acid	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	21.46 ± 1.24^b	24.07 ± 1.07^a
	N,N′-bis-(p-coumaroyl)- putrescine	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	15.49 ± 0.57^b	26.35 ± 0.58^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	15.29 ± 0.53^b	34.52 ± 1.23^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acid spermidines
	N′,N″-dicaffeoylspermidine	0.93 ± 0.06^a	0.33 ± 0.03^c	0.19 ± 0.04^d	0.65 ± 0.05^b	0.72 ± 0.04^b
	N′-caffeoyl-N″-feruloylspermidine	3.72 ± 0.09^e	4.16 ± 0.06 ^d	5.85 ± 0.16^c	9.19 ± 0.07^b	11.10 ± 0.09^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acid serotonins
	N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin	24.85 ± 0.07^a	4.95 ± 0.06^b	5.16 ± 0.10^b	2.09 ± 0.11^d	2.49 ± 0.16^c
	N-feruloylserotonin	5.25 ± 0.09^b	2.44 ± 0.12 ^d	2.95 ± 0.07^c	5.49 ± 0.17^b	6.10 ± 0.11^a

Bound	Hydroxybenzoic acids
	Protocatechualdehyde	37.04 ± 1.71^a	3.10 ± 0.08^c	5.34 ± 0.22^b	5.35 ± 0.12^b	6.72 ± 0.07^b
	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	92.40 ± 1.30^a	35.49 ± 1.12^b	25.31 ± 0.70^c	0.89 ± 0.09^d	0.90 ± 0.03^d
	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	153.56 ± 1.61^a	131.48 ± 1.83^b	124.11 ± 1.42^c	30.55 ± 0.74^e	40.15 ± 1.72^d
	Vanillic acid	80.03 ± 1.58^c	43.39 ± 1.50^e	56.35 ± 1.06^d	84.47 ± 1.04^b	97.56 ± 0.97^a
	Hydroxycinnamic acids
	trans-p-Coumaric acid	403.12 ± 2.30^e	452.50 ± 2.28^d	472.37 ± 2.34^c	524.08 ± 3.08^b	572.61 ± 2.48^a
	cis-p-Coumaric acid	70.62 ± 1.73^a	59.51 ± 1.19^b	55.57 ± 1.19^c	30.45 ± 0.79^e	38.31 ± 1.04^d
	trans-Ferulic acid	297.97 ± 1.33^e	328.65 ± 2.32^d	413.36 ± 2.30^c	2794.80 ± 5.75^b	2890.73 ± 4.47^a
	8,8′-aryltetralin-DFA	8.50 ± 0.17 ^d	8.77 ± 0.10^d	9.69 ± 0.17^c	19.13 ± 0.08^b	21.14 ± 0.08^a
	cis-Ferulic acid	78.55 ± 1.41^c	72.26 ± 1.33 ^d	78.52 ± 1.24^c	400.48 ± 1.58^b	434.02 ± 1.80^a
	8,8′-DFA	9.93 ± 0.16^c	10.82 ± 0.45^bc	12.02 ± 0.17^b	41.25 ± 0.81^a	42.17 ± 1.18^a
	8,5′-DFA	n.d.	n.d.	22.52 ± 0.61^c	137.44 ± 1.27^b	154.55 ± 1.45^a
	Trans-trans-8-O-4′–DFA	17.05 ± 0.83^c	18.45 ± 0.79^c	19.55 ± 1.07^c	124.07 ± 1.32^b	142.53 ± 1.05^a
	5-5′-DFA	12.15 ± 0.54^c	13.12 ± 0.45^c	13.64 ± 0.64^c	141.87 ± 2.54^b	168.59 ± 3.69^a
	8-5′-DFA^benzofuran	13.39 ± 0.53^b	8.34 ± 0.23^d	10.58 ± 0.62^c	13.88 ± 0.64^b	25.34 ± 1.39^a
	Trans-cis-8-O-4′–DFA	9.40 ± 0.42^c	8.01 ± 0.46^c	8.86 ± 0.23^c	29.51 ± 1.45^b	33.35 ± 1.45^a

*G0 stands for raw, ungerminated proso millet, S1 means soaked proso millets, and G2, G4 and G6 imply proso millet germinated for 2, 4 and 6 days.

n.d., not detected.

DW, dry weight of sample.

Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Values with no letters in common are significantly different (p < 0.05).