TABLE 1.
Study population characteristics (n = 38).
| Robot therapy (n = 17) | Human therapist (n = 21) | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/sd, n (%) | Min–max, n (%) | n | Mean/sd, n (%) | Min–max, n (%) | N | ||
| Age (mean/sd, min–max) | 62.4/14.3 | 36–81 | 65.0/9.2 | 49–80 | 0.5110 (t) | ||
| Sex (female, male) (n (%)) | 11 (65%) | 6 (35%) | 6 (29%) | 15 (71%) | 0.0259 (chi) | ||
| Stroke type (ischemic, ICH) (n (%)) | 14 (82%) | 3 (18%) | 18 (86%) | 3 (14%) | 0.7775 (chi) | ||
| Affected brain (left, right) (n (%)) | 6 (35%) | 11 (65%) | 11 (52%) | 10 (48%) | 0.2922 (chi) | ||
| Time post-stroke (weeks) (mean/sd, min–max) | 86/115 | 3–367 | 212/315 | 8–1158 | 0.1006 (t) | ||
| NIHSS (0–42)(mean/sd, min–max) | 4.6/2.1 | 1–9 | 6.4/4.8 | 2–18 | 0.1454 (t) | ||
| Barthel Index (0–100)(mean/sd, min–max) | 79/18 | 35–100 | 92/10 | 70–100 | 0.0132 (t) | ||
| HADS (0–42)(mean/sd, min–max) | 12.3/5.9 | 6–25 | 161 | 10.6/7.0 | 2–27 | 201 | 0.4407 (t) |
| FM Arma (0–66) (mean/sd, min–max; n) | 20.6/6.7 | 12–30 | 9 | 31.3/9.8 | 20–49 | 6 | 0.0244 (t) |
| BBTb (blocks/minute) (mean/sd, min–max; n) | 32.5/11.6 | 18–44 | 8 | 38.3/11.3 | 17–58 | 15 | 0.2622 (t) |
| Type of therapy (ABTa, AATb) | 8 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 0.1265 (chi) | ||
AAT , arm ability training; ABT, arm basis training; BBT, Box and Block Test; chi, p-value for the two-way chi-square test; FM Arm, Fugl–Meyer Arm Motor score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; ICH , intracerbral hemorrhage; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; t, p-value for the two-sample (independent group) t-test.
Superscript letters (AATa and ABTb) indicate the different types of therapy and how they relate to both the treated syndromes and the tests used for baseline assessment, respectively.
a
One participant in each group did not want to disclose personal emotional information.