TABLE 3.
Ther-I-Act observations: Variation of the therapeutic interaction by the humanoid robot with therapy and over time (n = 17).
| Themes and individual aspects | Day 1 of therapy (mean) | Day 9 of therapy (mean) | Effect (P [F-test]) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABT (n = 9) | AAT (n = 8) | ABT (n = 9) | AAT (n = 8) | Therapy | Day | |||||||
| Fr | Ti | Fr | Ti | Fr | Ti | Fr | Ti | Fr | Ti | Fr | Ti | |
| 1. Provision of information | ||||||||||||
| a. Treatment goal | 4.6 | 227 | 2.0 | 140 | 2.6 | 75 | 2.0 | 72 | <.0001 | 0.0041 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| b. Training specifications | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 290 | 0.8 | 17 | 0.8 | 27 | 0.0005 | <.0001 | 0.0294 | <.0001 |
| c. Instructions | 388 | 1859 | 145 | 1352 | 430 | 1962 | 156 | 805 | 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.0138 | <.0001 |
| 2. Feedback | ||||||||||||
| a. Knowledge of performance (unless corrective) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| b. KP and positive social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| c. KP and negative social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| d. Corrective KP (cKP) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| e. cKP and positive social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| f. cKP and negative social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| g. Knowledge of result | 0 | 0 | 35.9 | 313 | 0 | 0 | 34.6 | 314 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.3726 | 0.9598 |
| h. KR and positive social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 4.3 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 5.3 | 38 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.3811 | 0.6499 |
| i. KR and negative social stimuli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| 3. Motivational interactions | ||||||||||||
| a. Other than KP or KR | 0.9 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 0.4 | 6 | 1.6 | 14 | <.0001 | 0.0045 | 0.0184 | 0.9588 |
| 4. Bond | ||||||||||||
| a. Showing interest in person | 16.7 | 118 | 44.5 | 289 | 17.3 | 115 | 50.9 | 304 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.4360 |
| b. Personal aspects (therapist) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| c. Responsivity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| d. Conflict solving | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| 5. Other types of interaction | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| 6. Presence (concentration) and engagement (treating person) (0–10) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| 7. Focussed attention and engagement (patient) (0–10) | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 0.5283 | 0.3474 | ||||||
| Length of the therapeutic session (minutes) | 77 | 107 | 74 | 68 | 0.0853 | <.0001 | ||||||
ABT, arm basis training; AAT, arm ability training; Fr, frequency of occurrence of the therapeutic interaction within the session (count) rounded to one decimal; Ti, time used for the therapeutic interaction within the session (in seconds) rounded to full seconds; KP, knowledge of performance; KR, knowledge of result; p-values correspond to F statistics based on type III sums of squares of ANOVA. Bold values denote p-values < .05.