TABLE 4.
Effects on subjects’ HR and EDA after adding different audio elements to NAW, SEW, and ARW.
| Space type | Added elements | Period | HR (BPM) | P | EDA (μS) | p | ||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
| NAW | VEN | Stress | 76.12 | 10.72 | 0.005 | 5.83 | 2.80 | 0.113 |
| Restoration | 75.02 | 9.55 | 5.35 | 2.87 | ||||
| VAN | Stress | 76.75 | 11.42 | 0.001 | 5.47 | 2.99 | 0.918 | |
| Restoration | 74.17 | 10.46 | 5.44 | 2.76 | ||||
| VSH | Stress | 77.66 | 10.79 | 0.086 | 5.87 | 2.95 | 0.042 | |
| Restoration | 76.13 | 11.47 | 5.39 | 2.91 | ||||
| VWH | Stress | 78.57 | 13.74 | 0.028 | 6.04 | 3.39 | 0.688 | |
| Restoration | 75.51 | 12.12 | 5.76 | 2.76 | ||||
| SEW | VEN | Stress | 77.12 | 11.94 | 0.118 | 5.82 | 2.97 | 0.188 |
| Restoration | 76.44 | 12.29 | 5.58 | 3.10 | ||||
| VAN | Stress | 78.68 | 12.24 | 0.008 | 5.60 | 2.72 | 0.175 | |
| Restoration | 75.54 | 11.47 | 5.33 | 2.80 | ||||
| VSH | Stress | 77.94 | 11.68 | 0.001 | 5.75 | 2.82 | 0.034 | |
| Restoration | 75.35 | 12.83 | 5.29 | 2.85 | ||||
| VWH | Stress | 77.30 | 12.00 | 0.005 | 6.37 | 2.84 | 0.428 | |
| Restoration | 76.38 | 15.37 | 5.98 | 2.80 | ||||
| ARW | VEN | Stress | 77.22 | 13.50 | 0.057 | 5.90 | 3.11 | 0.820 |
| Restoration | 75.79 | 12.46 | 5.79 | 3.05 | ||||
| VAN | Stress | 76.98 | 13.01 | 0.000 | 6.06 | 3.13 | 0.846 | |
| Restoration | 73.62 | 11.67 | 5.80 | 3.07 | ||||
| VSH | Stress | 80.63 | 16.44 | 0.018 | 5.97 | 2.91 | 0.002 | |
| Restoration | 75.66 | 13.01 | 5.33 | 2.77 | ||||
| VWH | Stress | 78.33 | 12.50 | 0.009 | 5.67 | 2.75 | 0.103 | |
| Restoration | 77.39 | 17.59 | 5.40 | 2.85 | ||||
ARW, artificial waterfront space; SEW, semi-artificial-semi-natural waterfront space; NAW, natural waterfront space; VEN, visual elements of environment-nature; VAN, visual elements of animal-nature; VSH, visual elements of on-shore human activity; VWH, visual elements of on-water human activity. P-values indicating significance differences were boldfaced.