Table 1.
Clinical trials associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
| Trial Identification | Drug used | Drug description | Delivery route | Disease | Phase | Status | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT03659682 | Semaglutide | GLP-1R agonistprevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Not yet recruiting | NA |
| NCT03439943 | Lixisenatide | GLP-1R agonist prevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Unknown | NA |
| NCT04305002 | Exenatide | GLP-1R agonist prevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT04232969 | Bydureon (Exenatide) | GLP-1R agonist prevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Subcutaneous | PD | III | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT04154072 | NLY01 | a pegylated form of exenatide (Lv et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT04269642 | PT320 | sustained-release Exenatide (Li et al., 2019) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT04777409 | Semaglutide | GLP-1R agonist prevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Oral | AD | III | Recruiting | NA |
| NCT02953665 | Liraglutide | GLP-1R agonist prevents neurons from apoptosis, alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Chen et al., 2023) | Subcutaneous | PD | II | Completed | NA |
| NCT00004731 | Coenzyme Q10 | An antioxidant involved in electron transport chain (Gherardi et al., 2022) | NA | PD | II | Completed | NA |
| NCT00608881 | Coenzyme Q10 | An antioxidant involved in electron transport chain (Gherardi et al., 2022) | Oral | HD | III | Terminated | CoQ had no effect on avoiding functional decline in HD patients (Mcgarry et al., 2017) |
| NCT01892176 | Coenzyme Q10 | An antioxidant involved in electron transport chain (Gherardi et al., 2022) | Oral | PD | II and III | Completed | NA |
| NCT00243932 | Coenzyme Q10 | An antioxidant involved in electron transport chain (Gherardi et al., 2022) | Oral | ALS | II | Completed | Showed insufficient promise to warrant phase III testing (Kaufmann et al., 2009) |
| NCT00740714 | Coenzyme Q10 with VitE | VitE: a fat-soluble antioxidant (Blaner et al., 2021) | Oral | PD | III | Terminated | No evidence of benefit |
| NCT00076492 | CoQ10 and GPI 1485 | GPI 1485: a neuroimmunophilin ligand (Poulter et al., 2004) | NA | PD | II | Completed | NA |
| NCT03514875 | MitoQ | A mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenger (Piscianz et al., 2021) | Oral | AD | NA | Withdrawn | NA |
| NCT00329056 | MitoQ | A mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenger (Piscianz et al., 2021) | Oral | PD | II | Completed | NA |
| NCT04777331 | Prasinezumab | Humanized monoclonal antibody against aggregated α-synuclein (Pagano et al., 2022) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | PD | II | Recruiting | NA |
| NCT03114657 | Crenezumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | III | Terminated | Could not reduce clinical decline in participants with early AD (Ostrowitzki et al., 2022) |
| NCT03491150 | Crenezumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | III | Terminated | Crenezumab was unlikely to meet its primary endpoint |
| NCT00676143 | Bapineuzumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | III | Terminated | Phase 3 studies showed no clinical benefit |
| NCT00606476 | Bapineuzumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | II | Terminated | NA |
| NCT01656525 | Gantenerumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | AD | I | Completed | NA |
| NCT02051608 | Gantenerumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | AD | III | Completed | Gantenerumab doses up to 1200 mg resulted in robust amyloid-β plaque removal at 2 years (Klein et al., 2019) |
| NCT04374253 | Gantenerumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | AD | III | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT03444870 | Gantenerumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | AD | III | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT03443973 | Gantenerumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Avgerinos et al., 2021) | Subcutaneous | AD | III | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT05310071 | Aducanumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Dhillon, 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | III | Recruiting | NA |
| NCT03639987 | Aducanumab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Dhillon, 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | II | Terminated | Study was discontinued based on futility analysis conducted on Phase III trials |
| NCT05108922 | Aducanumab, Donanemab | Monoclonal antibody against Aβ (Decourt et al., 2021) | Intravenous (IV) infusion | AD | III | Active, not recruiting | NA |
| NCT03582137 | Cannabidiol | A major constituent of Cannabis sativa L. (Karimi-Haghighi et al., 2022) | Oral | PD | II | Completed | NA |
| NCT01502046 | Sativex | Contains Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in a 1:1 molecular ratio (Cristino et al., 2020) | Oromucosal Spray | HD | II | Completed | No significant molecular effects were detected on the biomarker analysis No significant symptomatic effects were detected at the prescribed dosage and for a 12-week period (López-Sendón Moreno et al., 2016) |
| NCT04075435 | High CBD/low THC sublingual solution | CBD: Cannabidiol THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol | Sublingual | AD | Early phase I | Recruiting | NA |
| NCT02783573 | Lanabecestat (AZD3293) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | III | Terminated | Did not slow cognitive or functional decline (Wessels et al., 2020) |
| NCT02245737 | Lanabecestat (AZD3293) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | II and III | Terminated | Did not slow cognitive or functional decline (Wessels et al., 2020) |
| NCT02956486 | Elenbecestat (E2609) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | III | Terminated | No evidence of potential efficacy, and the adverse event profile of E2609 being worse than placebo |
| NCT01600859 | Elenbecestat (E2609) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | I | Completed | NA |
| NCT01496170 | Verubecestat (MK-8931) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | I | Completed | NA |
| NCT01739348 | Verubecestat (MK-8931) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | II and III | Terminated | Did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (Egan et al., 2018) |
| NCT01953601 | Verubecestat (MK-8931) | BACE1 inhibitor (Patel et al., 2022) | Oral | AD | III | Terminated | Cognition and daily function were worse among patients who received verubecestat than among those who received placebo Did not improve clinical ratings of dementia among patients with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (Egan et al., 2019) |
| NCT01689246 | TRx0237 | Tau aggregation inhibitor (Hung and Fu, 2017) | Oral | AD | III | Completed | No evidence of benefits for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (Gauthier et al., 2016) |
| NCT03539380 | TRx0237 | Tau aggregation inhibitor (Hung and Fu, 2017) | NA | AD | NA | Available | NA |
| NCT02585934 | Intepirdine (RVT-101) and donepezil | Intepirdine: 5HT-6 serotonin receptor inhibitor (Hung and Fu, 2017) Donepezil: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (Marucci et al., 2021) | Oral | AD | III | Completed | Did not produce statistical improvement over placebo on cognition or activities of daily living in mild-to-moderate AD dementia patients (Lang et al., 2021) |