Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Before PSMa (N = 107,948) | After PSMa (N = 57,420) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Non-users, N (%) (N = 77,776) | RAS inhibitor users, N (%) (N = 30,172) | Standardized difference | Non-users, N (%) (N = 28,710) | RAS inhibitor users, N (%) (N = 28,710) | Standardized difference |
| Sex | 0.0308 | 0.0241 | ||||
| Men | 36,133 (46.5) | 13,555 (44.9) | 13,275 (46.2) | 12,930 (45.0) | ||
| Women | 41,643 (53.5) | 16,617 (55.1) | 15,435 (53.8) | 15,780 (55.0) | ||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 69.1 (6.9) | 69.7 (6.8) | 0.0885 | 69.9 (6.8) | 69.6 (6.8) | −0.0311 |
| Under 65 years | 22,795 (29.3) | 7,606 (25.2) | 7,030 (24.5) | 7,376 (25.7) | ||
| Between 65 and 80 years | 48,262 (62.1) | 19,784 (65.6) | 18,929 (65.9) | 18,678 (65.1) | ||
| Over 80 years | 6,719 (8.6) | 2,782 (9.2) | 2,751 (9.6) | 2,656 (9.3) | ||
| Insurance type | −0.1030 | 0.0035 | ||||
| Health insurance | 72,704 (93.5) | 27,367 (90.7) | 26,190 (91.2) | 26,218 (91.3) | ||
| Medical aid | 5,072 (6.5) | 2,805 (9.3) | 2,520 (8.8) | 24,92 (8.7) | ||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Atherosclerosis | 4,371 (5.6) | 2,062 (6.8) | 0.0503 | 1,903 (6.6) | 1,898 (6.6) | −0.0007 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5,452 (7.0) | 3,053 (10.1) | 0.1113 | 2,834 (9.9) | 2,699 (9.4) | −0.0159 |
| Bipolar disorder | 4,146 (5.3) | 1,982 (6.6) | 0.0524 | 1,870 (6.5) | 1,825 (6.4) | −0.0064 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13,569 (17.5) | 6,379 (21.1) | 0.0938 | 6,000 (20.9) | 5,919 (20.6) | −0.0070 |
| Depression | 10,535 (13.6) | 4,398 (14.6) | 0.0297 | 4,092 (14.3) | 4,155 (14.5) | 0.0063 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18,969 (24.4) | 9,286 (30.8) | 0.1433 | 8,497 (29.6) | 8,435 (29.4) | −0.0047 |
| Dyslipidemia | 35,326 (45.4) | 14,601 (48.4) | 0.0596 | 13,802 (48.1) | 13,731 (47.8) | −0.0050 |
| Hypertension | 32,455 (41.7) | 18,933 (62.8) | 0.4305 | 17,527 (61.1) | 17,471 (60.9) | −0.0040 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 2,287 (2.9) | 887 (2.9) | 0.0000 | 828 (2.9) | 847 (3.0) | 0.0039 |
| Schizophrenia | 2,068 (2.7) | 944 (3.1) | 0.0280 | 867 (3.0) | 885 (3.1) | 0.0036 |
| Sleep disorder | 8,671 (11.2) | 3,539 (11.7) | 0.0182 | 3,336 (11.6) | 3,369 (11.7) | 0.0036 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 2,108 (2.7) | 974 (3.2) | 0.0305 | 889 (3.1) | 902 (3.1) | 0.0026 |
| Vascular dementia | 11,981 (15.4) | 5,411 (17.9) | 0.0679 | 4,981 (17.4) | 5,032 (17.5) | 0.0047 |
| Concurrent medication | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 3,410 (4.4) | 1,358 (4.5) | 0.0057 | 1,249 (4.4) | 1,284 (4.5) | 0.0059 |
| Antiepileptics | 412 (0.5) | 222 (0.7) | 0.0260 | 206 (0.7) | 199 (0.7) | −0.0029 |
| Antihistamines | 2,659 (3.4) | 1,196 (4.0) | 0.0289 | 1,120 (3.9) | 1,131 (3.9) | 0.0020 |
| Antiparkinsonian agents | 693 (0.9) | 315 (1.0) | 0.0156 | 275 (1.0) | 295 (1.0) | 0.0070 |
| Antipsychotics | 4,292 (5.5) | 1,976 (6.6) | 0.0433 | 1,841 (6.4) | 1,850 (6.4) | 0.0013 |
| Antispasmodics | 795 (1.0) | 315 (1.0) | 0.0022 | 281 (1.0) | 308 (1.1) | 0.0093 |
| Benzodiazepines | 7,013 (9.0) | 2,240 (7.4) | −0.0580 | 2,163 (7.5) | 2,191 (7.6) | 0.0037 |
| Beta-blockers | 19,059 (24.5) | 7,167 (23.8) | −0.0176 | 7,481 (26.1) | 7,017 (24.4) | −0.0372 |
| Bladder antimuscarinics | 2,983 (3.8) | 1,287 (4.3) | 0.0218 | 1,199 (4.2) | 1,223 (4.3) | 0.0042 |
| CCB (Dihydropyridine) | 19,853 (25.5) | 7,999 (26.5) | 0.0225 | 7,896 (27.5) | 7,917 (27.6) | 0.0016 |
| CCB (Non-dihydropyridine) | 13,095 (16.8) | 2,499 (8.3) | −0.2603 | 2,629 (9.2) | 2,499 (8.7) | −0.0159 |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors | 32,959 (42.4) | 13,384 (44.4) | 0.0400 | 12,624 (44.0) | 12,603 (43.9) | −0.0015 |
| Skeletal muscle relaxants | 908 (1.2) | 406 (1.4) | 0.0160 | 382 (1.3) | 389 (1.4) | 0.0021 |
| Zolpidem | 3,085 (4.0) | 1,244 (4.1) | 0.0079 | 1,183 (4.1) | 1,197 (4.2) | 0.0024 |
| Follow-up, years, mean (SD) | 8.7 (2.9) | 8.6 (2.9) | −0.0379 | 8.5 (2.9) | 8.6 (2.9) | 0.0109 |
CCB, calcium channel blocker; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; N, number; PSM, propensity score matching; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; SD, standard deviation. aMatched by sex, age, type of insurance, comorbid disease, concurrent medications, and follow-up duration presented in this table.