The mitophagy changes in human OA cartilage and ACLT-induced rat OA model treated with or without α-KG supplementation. (A) TEM was used to assay changes in the mitophagy before and after α-KG supplementation and normal (black arrow), swelling (white arrow), and autophagic (red arrow) mitochondria were as indicated, scale bar = 5 μm; (B) RT-qPCR was used to determine mRNA expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human cartilage, n = 8; (C) IHC was used to assay changes in protein expression of Parkin of human OA cartilage tissue, scale bar = 200 μm, n = 3; (D–E) RT-qPCR was used to determine mRNA expression of PINK1 and Parkin, n = 6; IHC was used to assay changes in protein expression of PINK1 (F) and Parkin (G) of ACLT-induced rat OA cartilage tissue before and after α-KG supplementation, scale bar = 40 μm, n = 6. Values are expressed as means ± S.D. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the corresponding control. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)