Table 1.

Patient and study characteristics. Due to our selection of patients with moderate-to-severe hallux valgus, there was data loss in articles that also included hallux rigidus. Data not available or not inducible for patients with moderate-to-severe hallux valgus only.

Study	Study design	Feet, n	Age, years (range)	Males, n	Females, n
Asif et al. (29)	Retrospective	104	-	-	-
Bass et al. (30)	Prospective	13	62 (55–71)	2	11
Chan et al. (31)	Prospective	3	66, 68, 48	1	2
Chien et al. (16)	Retrospective	47	-	-	-
Dalat et al. (32)	Prospective	208	62.4 (19–87)	-	89%*
Doty et al. (33)	Prospective	17	-	-	-
Dureja et al. (34)	Retrospective	12	63 (36–83)	2	10
Füssenich et al. (18)	Prospective	77	-	-	-
Gould et al. (9)	Prospective	1	-	-	-
Hoveidaei et al. (35)	Retrospective	15	-	-	-
Korim & Allen (12)	Retrospective	49	-	-	-
Lee et al. (36)	Retrospective	25	-	4	21
Maleki et al. (37)	Retrospective	274	-	-	-
Riediger et al. (38)	Retrospective	77	60 (39–83)	12	43
Rippstein et al. (39)	Retrospective	8	-	-	-
Sarikaya et al. (40)	Retrospective	4	-	-	-

*Percentage of females of the total participants.