Table 4.

Results of non-union by joint preparation technique, fixation system and postoperative weight-bearing.

Study design	Feet, n	Union†, n (%)	Non-union†, n (%)
Joint preparation
Flat-on-flat	54	42 (77.8)	12 (22.2)
Convex/concave	806	755 (93.7)	51 (6.3)
Hand instruments	74	65 (87.8)	9 (12.2)
Joint fixation
Plate + screw	285	277 (97.2)	8 (2.8)
Crossplate compression screw	16	14 (87.5)	2 (12.5)
Crossed screws	415	369 (88.9)	46 (11.1)
Plate	199	186 (93.5)	13 (6.5)
Other*	19	16 (84.2)	3 (15.8)
Weight-bearing
Full weight-bearing on flat postoperative shoe	316	300 (94.9)	16 (5.1)
Full weight-bearing on heel weight-bearing shoe	591	536 (90.7)	55 (9.3)
Partial weight-bearing	12	12 (100)	0 (0)

*Includes intramedullary device, staples, and k-wires; ^†Data are presented for n (%) of patients.