Table 1.

Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation in AD

Model	Exercise mode	Exercise duration and frequency	Changes in inflammatory markers	Changes in other indicators	Source of inflammatory markers	References
AD rats (male)	Swimming	30 min/time; 7 times/week; 4 weeks	IL-10 ↑; IL-6 ↓	Aβ, Tau ↓; BDNF ↑	Serum	[270]
SD rats (2.5 months old, female)	Swimming	60 min/time; 7 times/week; 4 weeks	IL-10 ↑; TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 ↓	Aβ, Tau ↓; Memory impairment rescuing	Hippocampal tissue	[271]
TG2576 mice (17–18 months old)	Voluntary wheel running	3 weeks	IL-1β, TNF-α ↓; IFN-γ, MIP-1α ↑; CD40 ↑	Aβ ↓	Hippocampus and cortex	[272]
5xFAD mice (2–3 months old, female)	Voluntary wheel running	24 weeks	IL-1β →	Cognitive function → ; Anxious behavior↑	Hippocampal tissue	[267]
BALB/C mice (4 and 22 months old, Male and female)	Voluntary wheel running	10 weeks	Expression levels of MHCII and CD86 ↓	–	Hippocampal tissue	[273]
APP/PS1 mice (17 months old)	Voluntary wheel running	3 weeks	Expression of inflammatory genes ↓	Proliferation of precursor neurons and glial cells ↑	Plasma	[207]
3xTG mice (9 months old, male)	Resistance exercise	3 times/week; 4 weeks	TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-1β ↓; IL-10 and IL-6 →	Aβ, p-Tau ↓; Activation of glial cells ↓; Memory impairment rescuing	Serum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus	[274]
APP/PS1 mice (6–7 months old, Male)	Resistance exercise	5 times/week; 4 weeks	IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-4 ↓	Number of microglia ↑; Aβ plaques in hippocampus ↓	Hippocampal tissue	[275]
Wistar rats (18 months old, Male)	Treadmill running	30 min/time; 1.4 weeks (10 days)	TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 ↓	–	Hippocampal tissue	[276]
3xTG mice (16 months old)	Treadmill running	60 min/time; 5 times/week; 12 weeks	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b, COX-2, and NK-κB ↓	Number of activated glial cells ↑	Hippocampal tissue	[277]
APP/PS1 mice (3 months old, male)	Treadmill running	45 min/time; 5 times/week; 12 weeks	TNF-α and IL-1β ↓; IL-10 and TGF-β ↑	Cognitive function ↑; Proportion of M2 phenotype microglia ↑	Hippocampal tissue	[213]
C57BL/6 mice (4 and 18 months old)	Treadmill running	50 min/time; 1.4 weeks (10 days)	IL-1β in hippocampus ↓	Proportion of M2 phenotype microglia ↑; Cognitive function ↑	Hippocampal tissue	[210]
Swiss mice (Male)	Treadmill running	40 min/time; 5 times/week; 4 weeks	IL-1α, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 expression ↓; IL-1β →	–	Hippocampal tissue	[217]
SD rats (Male)	Treadmill running	20 min/time; 5 times/week; 4 weeks	TNF-α and IL-1β ↓; IL-10 and IL-4 ↑	Aβ and p-Tau ↓; Proportion of M2 phenotype microglia ↑	Hippocampal tissue	[215]
211 elderlies (67 ± 5 years old)	Habitual physical activity	1 week	Neutrophils ↑; IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-10 and IL-13 →	–	Serum and plasma	[278]
368 seniors (70–89 years old)	Personalized exercise intervention	45 min/time; 3 times/week; 16 weeks	IL-8 ↓; IL-2, IL-6, IL -1Rα, IL-15 and TNF-α →	–	Blood	[279]
AD patients (Average 68.3 years old)	Exercise program (40–60% of heart rate reserve)	60 min/time; 2 times/week; 11 weeks	IL-4 ↑, IL-1β and TNF-α →	Cognitive function ↑; Spatial judgment ↑; Self-awareness ↑	Blood	[203]
Seniors (Average 78 years old)	Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise	45 min/time; 3 times/week; 16 weeks	CRP ↓	–	Blood	[280]
AD patients (Average 70.6 years old)	Moderate to high-intensity physical exercise	60 min/time; 3 times/week; 16 weeks	IL-6 ↑; TREM2↑, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-13, and TNF-α →	–	Blood and CSF	[205]
AD patients (Average 73.05 years old)	Aerobic exercise	–	IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α↓	Cognitive function↑	Blood	[281]
AD patients (65–75 years old)	Aerobic exercise	45 min/time; 3 times/week; 8 weeks	TNF-α and IL-6↓	Quality of life↑	Blood	[282]
MCI patients (Average 65.72 years old)	Aerobic and Resistance exercise	40 min/time; 3 times/week; 16 weeks	IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β → ; IL-15 and TNF-α↓	Cognitive function↑	Blood	[269]

Legend: ↑, level increase; ↓, level decrease, → , no significant change