Table 1.
Sample characteristics for HCWs and PSP.
| HCWs (N = 299) | PSP (N = 199) | t/X2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (%) | ||||
| 20–29 years old | 16.1 | 21.6 | 6.64 | .249 |
| 30–39 years old | 33.1 | 37.7 | ||
| 40–49 years old | 29.1 | 23.6 | ||
| 50–59 years old | 15.7 | 13.6 | ||
| 60–69 years old | 5.4 | 3.5 | ||
| 70–79 years old | 0.7 | 0 | ||
| Sex (% Female) | 91.6% | 39.7% | 154.49 | <.001 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| African/Caribbean | 0.02 | 0 | 6.69 | .010 |
| Caucasian | 86.6 | 94.4 | ||
| East Asian | 0.03 | 0.005 | ||
| Indigenous | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||
| Latin American | 0 | 0.01 | ||
| Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | ||
| South East Asian | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
| Other | 0.05 | 0.01 | ||
| Education (%) | ||||
| Completed some college | 2.3 | 10.1 | 119.68 | <.001 |
| Completed college diploma | 18.7 | 50.8 | ||
| Completed some university | 5.7 | 12.1 | ||
| Completed Bachelor's university degree | 45.2 | 24.6 | ||
| Completed Master's/Graduate degree | 21.4 | 1.0 | ||
| Completed Doctoral degree | 5.4 | 0 | ||
| Other | 1.3 | 1.5 | ||
| Childhood Adversity | 3.11 (2.44) | 2.76 (2.42) | 1.614 | .107 |
| Psychiatric Symptoms | ||||
| Depression | 14.45 (9.22) | 13.13 (9.33) | 1.56 | .120 |
| Anxiety | 10.37 (7.30) | 8.33 (7.07) | 3.10 | .002 |
| Stress | 18.73 (7.89) | 16.69 (8.52) | 2.74 | .006 |
| Provisional PTSD Diagnosis (%) | 28.% | 30% | .234 | .629 |
| Global PTSD Severity (PCL-5) | 28.43 (15.27) | 27.20 (17.26) | .819 | .413 |
| Intrusions | 6.94 (4.27) | 6.20 (4.57) | 1.87 | .062 |
| Avoidance | 3.10 (2.15) | 2.72 (2.23) | 1.93 | .055 |
| NACM | 10.27 (6.05) | 9.155 (6.58) | 1.95 | .052 |
| Reactivity | 8.12 (4.48) | 9.13 (5.60) | −2.14 | .033 |
| Substance Use Symptoms | ||||
| Alcohol Related Problems (AUDIT) | 3.92 (3.15) | 6.16 (4.86) | −5.74 | <.001 |
| Substance Related Problems (DUDIT) | 2.26 (3.45) | 2.25 (2.98) | .045 | .964 |
| Cognitive and Emotional Variables | ||||
| Dissociative Symptoms (MDI) | ||||
| Depersonalization | 7.93 (2.86) | 7.74 (3.05) | .721 | .471 |
| Derealization | 7.97 (2.76) | 8.18 (2.99) | −.723 | .470 |
| Memory Disturbance | 8.08 (2.71) | 9.14 (3.64) | −3.49 | <.001 |
| Disengagement | 11.94 (3.26) | 12.05 (4.15) | −.291 | .771 |
| Emotional Constriction | 9.70 (4.02) | 10.53 (4.63) | −2.07 | .040 |
| Identity Dissociation | 5.51 (1.10) | 5.83 (1.55) | −2.49 | .013 |
| Emotion Dysregulation (DERS) | 82.55 (19.69) | 86.61 (20.73) | −2.21 | .027 |
| Non-Acceptance of Emotional Responses | 13.92 (4.99) | 14.85 (5.41) | −1.97 | .049 |
| Difficulty with Goal-Directed Behaviour | 14.09 (4.17) | 13.95 (4.21) | .375 | .708 |
| Impulse Control Difficulties | 10.74 (3.87) | 11.01 (3.84) | −.766 | .444 |
| Lack of Emotional Awareness | 15.72 (4.30) | 17.65 (5.14) | −4.37 | <.001 |
| Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies | 17.28 (6.06) | 17.65 (5.89) | −.683 | .495 |
| Lack of Emotional Clarity | 10.80 (3.29) | 11.51 (3.59) | −2.28 | .023 |
Note. All values reported are means (standard deviations) except for age, sex, race, education, and provisional posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis where percentages are displayed. For age, sex, race, education, and provisional PTSD diagnosis, Chi-square tests were used to evaluate group differences; all other variables used independent samples t-tests. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress variables are based on subscales of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. Provisional PTSD Diagnosis was based on a cut-off score of 33+ on Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Global PTSD Severity is based on the sum score on PCL-5.