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. 2023 Mar 6;14:1145814. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145814

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Copyright © 2023 Hata, Yanagihara, Matsubara, Kunimura, Suzuki, Tsubouchi, Eto, Ando, Uehara, Ikegame, Baba, Fukui and Okamoto

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunological phenotypes in a patient with acute exacerbation of IPF. (A) Chest computed tomography images of the patient upon admission reveal the emergence of bilateral diffuse ground glass opacities superimposed on a honeycomb pattern, accompanied by peripheral traction bronchiectasis primarily in the basal lungs. (B) Comparison of BALF cell differentiation and CD4/CD8 ratio between patients with a patient experiencing an acute exacerbation (AEx) of the condition and the other cases of IPF. (C) Citrus-generated plots for myeloid sub-populations in IPF patients with stable condition and AEx. Each cluster number (C#) corresponds to the number shown in Figure 2C . (D) A uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) of myeloid cells (CD45⁺CD11b⁺CD11c⁺ gated) showing cell distributions and each marker expression in BALF cells from concatenated samples with AEx and other cases of IPF. (E) t-SNE plots visualizing the distribution of T cell subpopulations in BALF T cells (gated as CD45⁺CD2⁺CD3⁺) from patients with AEx and other cases of IPF. Double negative (DN) T cells were defined as CD4^–CD8^– T cells. A red arrow indicates expansion of the CD57-CD7+CD44+PD-1-CD4 T cell subpopulation in AEx-IPF.