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. 2023 Mar 20;15(3):e36425. doi: 10.7759/cureus.36425

Table 1. Results.

MtF: male-to-female; FtM: female-to-male.

  Study type Treatment type Gender Control for time elapsed since treatment Before and after comparison Within-groups or between-groups Measure of statistical significance Measure of effect size Correction for multiple testing Control for psychiatric diagnoses (axis I and II) or the presence of mood disturbance Control for psychiatric treatment before or after gender-affirming treatment Control for substance use or abuse Control for other suicide risk-enhancing or risk-reducing factors Accounts for death by suicide
Almazan and Keuroghlian (2021) [31] Cross-sectional survey Surgery MtF, FtM, and nonbinary No No Between-groups Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Age, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, employment status, education, sexual orientation, family rejection, income, and health insurance status No
Bränström and Pachankis (2020) [32] Total population prospective Combination or not specified MtF and FtM Yes No Within-groups Yes Yes No No No No Legal gender, age, country of birth, education, urbanicity, and household income No
Chaovanalikit et al. (2022) [33] Prospective cohort Surgery MtF Yes Yes Within-groups Yes No No No No No No No
De Cuypere et al. (2006) [34] Retrospective cohort Surgery MtF and FtM No Yes Within-groups Yes No No No No No No No
Dhejne et al. (2011) [35] Population-based matched cohort Surgery MtF and FtM No No Between-groups Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Sex, age, immigration status, and inpatient psychiatric treatment Yes
Glynn et al. (2016) [36] Cross-sectional survey Combination or not specified MtF No No Both Yes Yes No No No No Age, ethnicity, and HIV status No
Heylens et al. (2014) [37] Prospective cohort Combination or not specified MtF and FtM Yes Yes Within-groups Yes No No No No No No Yes
Hisle-Gorman et al. (2021) [38] Retrospective cohort Hormones (including puberty blockers) Transgender and gender-diverse Yes Yes Both Yes Yes No No Total healthcare contacts per year No Sex, total healthcare contacts per year, age at gender-affirming treatment initiation, use of puberty blockers vs. gender-affirming hormones, and parental rank No
Hughto et al. (2020) [39] Cross-sectional survey Combination or not specified MtF and FtM No Yes Within-groups Yes Yes No No No No Age, education, and gender-related discrimination No
Hunt and Hampson (1980) [40] Cross-sectional survey Surgery MtF No No Within-groups No No No No No No No No
McNichols et al. (2020) [41] Cross-sectional survey Surgery FtM No Yes Within-groups Yes No No No No No No No
Park et al. (2022) [42] Cross-sectional survey Surgery MtF and FtM No Yes Within-groups No No No No No No No No
Rehman et al. (1999) [43] Cross-sectional survey Surgery MtF No Yes Within-groups No No No No No No No No
Rood et al. (2015) [44] Cross-sectional survey Combination or not specified MtF and FtM No No Between-groups Yes Yes No No No No Age, race, ethnicity, education, and gender identity No
Simonsen, Giraldi, et al. (2016) [45] Retrospective cohort Surgery MtF and FtM No Yes Both Yes Yes No No No No No Yes
Simonsen, Hald, et al. (2016) [46] Retrospective cohort Surgery MtF and FtM No Yes Both Yes Yes No No No No No Yes
Tordoff et al. (2022) [5] Prospective cohort Hormones (including puberty blockers) MtF, FtM, and nonbinary Yes No Between-groups Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Self-reported gender, race, and ethnicity, self-report of conflict with parents due to gender identity or expression, and resilience No
Tucker et al. (2018) [47] Cross-sectional survey Combination or not specified MtF and FtM No No Between-groups Yes Yes No Yes No No Age, gender, race, and income No
Turban et al. (2020) [48] Cross-sectional survey Hormones (including puberty blockers) MtF and FtM No No Between-groups Yes Yes No No No No Age, gender identity, relationship status, family support, income, sexual orientation, education, and employment No
Turban et al. (2022) [49] Cross-sectional survey Hormones (including puberty blockers) MtF and FtM No Yes Between-groups Yes Yes Yes No No No Age, gender, sex, level of family support, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, income, relationship status, education, employment, and harassment  
van der Miesen et al. (2020) [50] Cross-sectional survey Hormones (including puberty blockers) MtF and FtM No No Between-groups Yes Yes Yes No No No Age, ethnicity, education, and parent's marital status No
Wilson et al. (2015) [51] Cross-sectional survey Combination or not specified MtF No No Between-groups Yes Yes No No No No Age and race/ethnicity No
Zaliznyak et al. (2021) [6] Cross-sectional survey Hormones (including puberty blockers) MtF and FtM No Yes Within-groups No No No No No No No Yes