Table 1.

Recently described impacts of C. albicans commensal colonization

Phenotype	Species	Notes	References
Protection against C. albicans invasive infection	Mouse	Gut adapted strains, trained immunity	[56]
		Th17 mediated, requires tonic stimulation	[55]
		Antibody mediated	[52]
		B cell independent	[59]
Protection against infection by other fungal pathogens	Mouse	Aspergillus fumigatus	[56]
		Candida auris	[52]
Protection against infection by bacterial pathogens	Mouse	P. aeruginosa after C. albicans systemic priming	[56]
		S. aureus after C. albicans systemic priming
		S. aureus, requires tonic stimulation	[55]
		C. rodentium	[65]
Protection against intestinal inflammation	Mouse	Fluconazole treatment (DSS)	[66]
		Mono-colonization (DSS)	[17]
		Mucosal vs. luminal (DSS)	[65]
Protection against airway inflammation	Mouse	Fluconazole treatment (HDM)	[66]
		Fluconazole treatment, CX3CR1 cell dependent	[67]
Socialization behavior	Mouse	IL-17 dependent	[65]
Increased circulating granulocytes	Mouse	Rewilding with fungal acquisition	[58]
Promotes intestinal inflammation	Mouse/Human	CX3CR1-cell defects (Crohn’s disease)	[75]
	Mouse	Hyphae-locked	[53]
	Mouse/Human	Candidalysin-dependent high cell-damaging strains (ulcerative colitis)	[69]
	Human	Increased IgA hyphae targets (Crohn’s disease)	[99]
	Human	Th17 cells	[54]
	Human	Fecal transplant (ulcerative colitis)	[100]
	Mouse/Human	Malassezia (Crohn’s disease)	[73]
Promotes airway inflammation	Human	COPD, Cystic fibrosis, ABPA	[54]
	Mouse	Requires tonic stimulation (HDM)	[55]
	Mouse	Candidalysin-dependent	[81]
Promotes oral inflammation	Mouse	Innate IL-17, candidalysin-dependent	[70]

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease