Table 4.

Forrest classification of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding lesions and approximate prevalence [13, 90]

Forrest class	Definition	Lesional risk of continued bleeding	Prevalence	Risk of rebleeding without endoscopic treatment	Medical treatment	Endoscopic treatment
Ia	Active spurting bleed	High-risk	7%	55% (including oozing bleed [Forrest 1b])	High-dose PPI IV for 72 hours	Yes
Ib	Oozing bleed	High-risk	27%	See texta	High-dose PPI IV for 72 hours	Yes
IIa	Non-bleeding visible vessel	High-risk	26%	43%	High-dose PPI IV for 72 hours	Yes
IIb	Adherent clot	High-risk	11%	22%	High-dose PPI IV for 72 hours	After clot removal
IIc	Flat-pigmented spot	Low-risk	4%	10%	Low-dose PPI PO	No
III	Clean-base ulcer	Low-risk	25%	5%	Low-dose PPI PO	No

^aRecent data suggest rebleeding risk is lower than previously reported [91].

PPI, proton-pump inhibitors; IV, intravenous; PO, oral.