Table 3.
Assessment results
| Assessments | CN | VM | CN vs VM | VM -ASD | VM + ASD | CN vs VM-ASD | CN vs VM + ASD | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 10 | n = 24 | n = 15 | n = 9 | ||||||||||||
| (mean ± SD) | (mean ± SD) | (mean ± SD) | (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||||
| ADOS-2 Comparison score | 1.2 | ± | 0.4 | 2.9 | ± | 2.1 | p = 0.04 | 1.7 | ± | 0.7 | 5.6 | ± | 1.1 | NS | p < 0.0001 |
| Preschool language delay n (%) | 0 | (0%) | 9 | (39%) | 3 | (20%) | 6 | (66.6%) | |||||||
| Full Scale IQ (WPPSI-IV) | 114 | ± | 13 | 107 | ± | 20 | NS | 114 | ± | 19 | 93 | ± | 14 | NS | NS |
| Tracking accuracy (Track-it) (% successful trials) | 89% | 81% | p = 0.04 | 78% | 87% | NS | NS | ||||||||
| Working memory (Track-it) (%successful trials) | 97% | 88% | p = 0.02 | 88% | 88% | NS | p = 0.009 | ||||||||
| Adaptive Skills (Vineland-II) | |||||||||||||||
| Adaptive Behaviour | 108 | ± | 9 | 104 | ± | 15 | NS | 107 | ± | 11 | 99 | ± | 19 | NS | NS |
| Daily Living Skills | 104 | ± | 8 | 103 | ± | 14 | NS | 105 | ± | 10 | 99 | ± | 18 | NS | NS |
| Behaviour (CBCL) | |||||||||||||||
| Total behaviour problems | 46.4 | ± | 8.4 | 44.3 | ± | 12.0 | NS | 41.3 | ± | 14.6 | 51.0 | ± | 9.0 | NS | NS |
| Internalising | 46.5 | ± | 9.0 | 46.7 | ± | 11.0 | NS | 42.6 | ± | 8.4 | 55.4 | ± | 10.9 | NS | NS |
| Externalising | 47.1 | ± | 9.5 | 43.9 | ± | 11.4 | NS | 41.7 | ± | 9.3 | 48.4 | ± | 13.9 | NS | NS |
| Sensory processing (SSP-2) | |||||||||||||||
| Tactile Sensitivity | 32.8 | ± | 1.3 | 32.0 | ± | 3.8 | NS | 32.7 | ± | 2.4 | 30.4 | ± | 5.4 | NS | NS |
| Taste/Smell Sensitivity | 16.7 | ± | 3.9 | 17.7 | ± | 3.6 | NS | 17.9 | ± | 3.3 | 17.4 | ± | 4.1 | NS | NS |
| Movement sensitivity | 14.0 | ± | 1.1 | 14.5 | ± | 1.1 | NS | 14.7 | ± | 0.7 | 14.0 | ± | 1.6 | NS | NS |
| Under-responsive/Seeks Sensation | 29.2 | ± | 2.7 | 28.1 | ± | 5.3 | NS | 28.9 | ± | 3.6 | 26.6 | ± | 7.6 | NS | NS |
| Auditory filtering | 25.4 | ± | 3.2 | 24.6 | ± | 5.0 | NS | 26.1 | ± | 3.1 | 21.7 | ± | 6.6 | NS | NS |
| Low Energy/weak | 29.6 | ± | 0.9 | 28.2 | ± | 3.0 | NS | 28.0 | ± | 3.3 | 28.7 | ± | 2.4 | NS | NS |
| Visual/Auditory Sensitivity | 21.5 | ± | 3.1 | 22.3 | ± | 3.0 | NS | 22.7 | ± | 1.9 | 21.4 | ± | 4.5 | NS | NS |
| Executive function (BRIEF-P) | |||||||||||||||
| Global executive composite | 49.9 | ± | 6.3 | 51.2 | ± | 14.4 | NS | 46.0 | ± | 8.4 | 61.6 | ± | 17.9 | NS | NS |
| Inhibit | 50.5 | ± | 4.5 | 49.9 | ± | 12.2 | NS | 45.7 | ± | 8.3 | 58.1 | ± | 14.4 | NS | NS |
| Shift | 46.3 | ± | 8.7 | 49.4 | ± | 10.2 | NS | 45.6 | ± | 6.5 | 57.0 | ± | 11.9 | NS | NS |
| Emotion Control | 49.0 | ± | 9.1 | 54.5 | ± | 14.5 | NS | 50.4 | ± | 10.7 | 62.7 | ± | 17.3 | NS | NS |
| Working memory | 50.5 | ± | 6.7 | 51.6 | ± | 15.1 | NS | 47.5 | ± | 9.0 | 59.7 | ± | 20.6 | NS | NS |
| Plan/Organise | 52.5 | ± | 11.2 | 50.5 | ± | 13.2 | NS | 46.9 | ± | 9.4 | 57.9 | ± | 16.4 | NS | NS |
| Movement/Co-ordination (Little DCDQ) | |||||||||||||||
| Total score | 71.3 | ± | 2.7 | 70.4 | ± | 6.8 | NS | 71.5 | ± | 4.5 | 68.0 | ± | 9.7 | NS | NS |
CN control cohort, VM Ventriculomegaly cohort, VM-ASD Ventriculomegaly and ADOS-2 non-spectrum classification, VM + ASD Ventriculomegaly and ADOS-2 autism/ASD classification, NS no significance, p > 0.05. Statistical analysis for ADOS-2 Comparison score, BRIEF-P, CBCL, Little DCDQ and SSP-2: Kruskal–Wallis, two-sided, Bonferroni correction applied. Statistical analysis for Full Scale IQ, Track-it and Vineland-III: ANOVA, two-sided, Bonferroni correction applied. P values <0.05 are highlighted in bold.