. 2023 Mar 7;11:1068268. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068268

Table 4.

Association between fear of being stigmatized based on demographic factors and demographic characteristics¹.

I fear being stigmatized during COVId-19 because of my [demographic factor]	Gender			Age					Race
	Female	Male		18-40	41-60		61+		White	Black		East + Southeast Asian		South Asian		Other
		OR	CI		OR	CI	OR	CI		OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI
Sex	Reference	1.48	1.18–1.87^*	Reference	0.69	0.53–0.90^*	0.44	0.28–0.68^*	Reference	3.04	2.12–4.38^*	2.76	2.02–3.81^*	3.39	2.32–4.96^*	2.48	1.62–3.79^*
Gender		1.45	1.15–1.83^*		0.62	0.48–0.80^*	0.42	0.27–0.65^*		3.38	2.35–4.88^*	3.05	2.22–4.22^*	3.56	2.43–5.23^*	2.89	1.88–4.41^*
Race		1.00	0.81–1.24		0.59	0.46–0.75^*	0.60	0.41–0.87^*		6.28	4.45–8.93^*	18.73	13.76–25.82^*	5.29	3.66–7.68^*	4.51	2.99–6.79^*
Age		1.17	0.96–1.43		0.42	0.33–0.54^*	0.95	0.69–1.30		2.21	1.63–3.00^*	1.86	1.43–2.42^*	1.86	1.33–2.60^*	2.29	1.60–3.28^*
Immigration status		1.46	1.17–1.82^*		0.54	0.42–0.69^*	0.42	0.28–0.64^*		3.88	2.72–5.56^*	5.24	3.85–7.20^*	4.25	2.92–6.22^*	3.16	2.07–4.81^*
Level of ability		1.43	1.14–1.78^*		0.68	0.53–0.87^*	0.68	0.46–0.98^*		2.55	1.82–3.58^*	2.36	1.76–3.18^*	2.59	1.80–3.70^*	2.30	1.52–3.43^*
Sexual orientation		1.72	1.36–2.17^*		0.58	0.44–0.75^*	0.34	0.21–0.54^*		3.89	2.67–5.68^*	3.65	2.63–5.13^*	4.25	2.88–6.32^*	3.00	1.92–4.67^*
Level of education		1.40	1.12–1.75^*		0.60	0.46–0.77^*	0.38	0.24–0.57^*		2.51	1.77–3.56^*	2.42	1.79–3.28^*	2.72	1.88–3.93^*	2.01	1.31–3.05^*
Religion		1.58	1.26–1.97^*		0.52	0.40–0.67^*	0.43	0.28–0.63^*		3.57	2.53–5.07^*	3.26	2.40–4.45^*	3.85	2.67–5.58^*	3.19	2.11–4.81^*
Political view		1.46	1.18–1.80^*		0.49	0.38–0.62^*	0.31	0.20–0.45^*		1.94	1.41–2.67^*	2.12	1.62–2.79^*	2.07	1.47–2.92^*	2.02	1.38–2.96^*
Place of work		1.13	0.92–1.39		0.54	0.43–0.69^*	0.36	0.24–0.53^*		2.00	1.45–2.75^*	2.03	1.55–2.67^*	1.92	1.36–2.71^*	1.78	1.22–2.58^*
I Don't fear stigmatization		1.24	1.03–1.49^*		0.82	0.67–1.00	1.03	0.77–1.39		0.81	0.61–1.07	0.59	0.46–0.74^*	0.85	0.63–1.15	1.08	0.78–1.50

¹Odds-ratio estimates of the response of agree/strongly agree with statements in the left column for different levels of the demographic variables.

^*Denotes significant finding at α = 0.05.