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. 2023 Mar 7;11:1068268. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068268

Table 5.

Association between experiences of being stigmatized based on demographic factors and demographic characteristics1.

I have been stigmatized during COVID-19 because of my [demographic factor] Gender Age Race
Female Male 18–40 41–60 61+ White Black East + Southeast Asian South Asian Other
OR CI OR CI OR CI OR CI OR CI OR CI OR CI
Sex Reference 1.73 1.36–2.19* Reference 0.69 0.52–0.89* 0.33 0.19–0.54* Reference 3.62 2.47–5.33* 3.61 2.54–5.10* 4.18 2.80–6.26* 2.00 1.22–3.22*
Gender 1.72 1.35–2.18* 0.68 0.52–0.89* 0.33 0.20–0.53* 3.29 2.26–4.81* 2.95 2.12–4.13* 3.91 2.64–5.80* 2.08 1.30–3.28*
Race 1.19 0.96–1.47 0.62 0.48–0.78* 0.41 0.27–0.62* 5.34 3.74–7.68* 14.9 10.88–20.63* 4.72 3.23–6.94* 3.97 2.60–6.06*
Age 1.11 0.91–1.36 0.45 0.35–0.56* 1.01 0.74–1.38 1.68 1.24–2.27* 1.47 1.13–1.90* 1.59 1.14–2.20* 1.70 1.18–2.42*
Immigration status 1.60 1.27–2.01* 0.64 0.49–0.82* 0.43 0.27–0.67* 3.62 2.50–5.27* 5.23 3.80–7.27* 4.17 2.82–6.17* 2.12 1.33–3.35*
Level of ability 1.64 1.31–2.06* 0.72 0.56–0.92* 0.54 0.36–0.81* 2.62 1.85–3.72* 2.38 1.76–3.24* 3.08 2.14–4.44* 2.07 1.35–3.14*
Sexual orientation 2.13 1.67–2.71* 0.67 0.50–0.87* 0.29 0.16–0.48* 3.66 2.48–5.45* 3.26 2.31–4.66* 5.19 3.47–7.80* 2.60 1.61–4.15*
Level of education 1.86 1.47–2.34* 0.62 0.48–0.81* 0.28 0.16–0.45* 2.94 2.05–4.21* 2.39 1.75–3.30* 2.78 1.89–4.08* 1.90 1.21–2.94*
Religion 1.81 1.43–2.29* 0.58 0.44–0.76* 0.35 0.21–0.55* 3.20 2.21–4.64* 2.93 2.12–4.08* 3.37 2.28–4.97* 2.46 1.57–3.82*
Political view 1.66 1.34–2.07* 0.51 0.40–0.65* 0.22 0.14–0.34* 1.49 1.06–2.07* 1.66 1.25–2.20* 1.76 1.24–2.50* 1.65 1.12–2.43*
Place of work 1.43 1.16–1.76* 0.54 0.42–0.68* 0.28 0.18–0.42* 1.82 1.32–2.50* 1.65 1.26–2.18* 1.81 1.28–2.56* 1.57 1.06–2.30*

1Odds–ratio estimates of the response of agree/strongly agree with statements in the left column for different levels of the demographic variables.

*Denotes significant finding at α = 0.05.