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. 2023 Mar 7;14:1112513. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112513

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Copyright © 2023 Hewavisenti, Arena, Ahlenstiel and Sasson

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HPV pathogenesis and treatment in at-risk individuals. (A) HPV pathogenesis, persistent infection, and progression to cancer. Primary infection occurs when HPV gains access to basal cells through microlesions or damage to the skin. Upon viral replication, HPV can evade the immune response resulting in persistent disease. E6 and E7 oncogenes disrupt the cell cycle, which can result in persistent disease, cellular transformation and HPV-driven carcinoma. (B) Describes the three main immunodeficiencies 1) Primary immunodeficiencies relating to inborn errors of immunity, 2) Secondary immunodeficiencies relating to those under immunosuppressive drugs 3) Acquired immunodeficiencies relating to people living with HIV/AIDS. The major HPV pathologies caused by high-risk HPV and low-risk HPV strains are identified on the extreme right-hand side panel (HPV-driven disease) (C) Identifies the main treatments currently available and the next-generation therapeutics currently under investigation. Created with BioRender.com.