TABLE 1.

Genes and associated pathways impacted or regulated in the PDAC

Genes associated with PDAC	Pathway involved	Linked with SCFA	Reference
K‐RAS	1. RAF/ERK pathway 2. Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (P13K) pathway 3. Ra1GDS pathway 4. NF‐κB		124
			125
			126
TFG‐β		Butyrate enhances TFG‐β signaling in rat intestinal epithelial cells.	101
		Butyrate induce TFG‐β1 expression in human intestinal epithelial cell line HT‐29.	122
NF‐κB	P53 (NF‐κB downregulates p53 expression)	Butyrate can inhibit NF‐kB activation in human macrophages and epithelial cells	127
			128
HDACs inhibitors	anti‐inflammatory agents	SCFAs are natural HDACs inhibitors, facilitating expressions of anti‐inflammatory genes in the immune cell	104
			129
G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)	NF‐κB signaling pathway	SCFAs could activate GPR41 and GPR43 in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to transmission of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling, and rapid secretion of chemokines and cytokines	130
			131
		GPR87 enhanced pancreatic cancer aggressiveness by activating NF‐κB signaling pathway	132
Insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs)	They modulate the actions of IGFs on cell proliferation and differentiation	short‐chain fatty acids regulate the secretion of IGFBPs by intestinal epithelial cells	133