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. 2023 Mar 20;13(3):e1231. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.1231

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© 2023 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Blockage of the glucuronic pathway or tumour growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling blunts hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis driven by Gstz1 loss. (A) Schematic representation of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and CCl₄‐ induced mouse model of HCC. PB, phenobarbital. (B) Representative images of lung metastasis. (C) Hematoxylin‐and‐eosin (H&E) staining of occult metastases in lung tissue sections. Scale bar, 500 µm. (D) Number of lung metastases. Data represent mean ± SD of the relative number of nodules per mouse for six mice. (E) UDP‐GlcUA levels in mouse liver tissues. n = 6. (F) The relative content of UDP‐GlcUA normalized to the average UDP‐GlcUA level in serum samples obtained from Gstz1 ^+/+ mice . n = 6. (G) Hematoxylin‐and‐eosin (H&E) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for GSTZ1, UGDH, pSmad2/3 and Snail in WT and Gstz1⁻ ^/− mouse liver sections. NT, non‐tumour; T, tumour. Scale bar: 50 µm. Data are mean ± SD. p‐Values were derived from a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test (D–F) (*p < .05, ***p < .001).