Table 1.
Summary of fossils used to calibrate the genus-level molecular dating analysis of Sapindales.
| Family | Taxon | Organ/s | Country | Oldest stratum | Min. age (Ma) | Node calibrated | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C02 | Sapindaceae | †Sapindospermum nitidum Knobloch & Mai | Seed | Czech Republic | Turonian | 89.8 | crown Sapindales | Knobloch and Mai (1986) |
| C03 | Sapindaceae | †Aesculus hickeyi Manchester | Leaf, fruit, seed | USA | Paleocene | 56 | crown Sapindaceae | Manchester (2001a) |
| C04 | Sapindaceae | †Dipteronia brownii McClain & Manchester | Fruit | USA | Middle Paleocene | 60 | stem Dipteronia | McClain and Manchester (2001) |
| C05 | Sapindaceae | †Acer sp. | Leaf | Late Paleocene | 56 | stem Acer | Crane (1990) | |
| C06 | Sapindaceae | †Koelreuteria allenii (Lesq.) W. N. Edwards | Fruit | USA | Eocene | 52 | stem Koelreuteria | Wang et al. (2013) |
| C07 | Sapindaceae | †Allophylus graciliformis (Berry) Berry | Leaf | Argentina | Early Eocene | 46 | stem Allophylus | Panti (2020) |
| C08 | Burseraceae | †Bursera inaequalateralis (Lesq.) MacGintie | Leaf | USA | Eocene | 48.5 | crown Burserinae | MacGinitie (1969) |
| C09 | Burseraceae | †Bursericarpum aldwickense Chandler | Pyrene, seed | UK | Ypresian | 47.8 | stem Protium alliance | Chandler (1961) |
| C10 | Anacardiaceae | †Coahuiloxylon terrazasiae Estrada-Ruiz, Martínez-Vabrera & Cevallos-Ferriz | Wood | Mexico | Campanian | 72.1 | stem Anacardiaceae | Estrada-Ruiz et al. (2010) |
| C11 | Anacardiaceae | †Choerospondias sheppeyensis (Reid & Chandler) Chandler | Fruit, seed | UK | Ypresian | 47.8 | crown Anacardiaceae | Reid and Chandler (1933); Chandler (1961) |
| C12 | Anacardiaceae | †Dracontomelon macdonaldii (Berry) Herrera, Manchester & Jaramillo | Fruit, seed | Panama | Late Eocene | 33.9 | crown Spondioideae (-Campnosperma) | Herrera et al. (2012) |
| C13 | Anacardiaceae | †Spondias rothwellii Herrera, Carvalho, Jaramillo & Manchester | Fruit, seed | Panama | Early Miocene | 18.5 | stem Spondias | Herrera et al. (2019) |
| C14 | Anacardiaceae | †Anacardium germanicum Manchester et al. | Fruit | Germany | Middle Eocene (Lutetian assumed) | 41.2 | stem Fegimanra + Anacardium | Manchester et al. (2007) |
| C15 | Anacardiaceae | †Mangifera paleoindica Sawangchote, Grote, and Dilcher | Leaf | Thailand | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | stem Mangifera | Sawangchote et al. (2009) |
| C16 | Anacardiaceae | †Cotinus fraterna (Lesquereux) MacGinitie | Leaf | USA | Late Eocene | 33.9 | stem Cotinus | MacGinitie (1953); Manchester (2001b) |
| C17 | Anacardiaceae | †Pistacia sp. | Pollen | Austria | Middle Miocene (Middle to Upper Serravallian) | 12.7 | stem Pistacia | Grímsson et al. (2020) |
| C18 | Anacardiaceae | †Loxopterygium laplayense Burnham and Carranco | Fruit | Ecuador | Middle Miocene | 13 | stem Loxopterygium | Burnham and Carranco (2004) |
| C19 | Simaroubaceae | †Ailanthus confucii Unger | Fruit | Germany | Middle Eocene (Lutetian assumed) | 41.2 | stem Ailanthus + Picrasma | Collinson et al. (2012) |
| C20 | Meliaceae | †Cedrela sp. | Leaf | USA | Eocene | 51 | crown Cedreloideae | Hickey and Hodges (1975) |
| C21 | Meliaceae | †Cedrela merrilli (Chaney) Brown | Leaf, seed | USA | Late Eocene | 36.21 | stem Cedrela + Toona | Meyer and Manchester (1997); Manchester and McIntosh (2007) |
| C22 | Meliaceae | †Swietenia miocenica Castañeda-Posadas & Cevallos-Ferriz | Flower | Mexico | Late Oligocene | 22.5 | stem Swietenia | Castañeda-Posadas and Cevallos-Ferriz (2007) |
| C23 | Meliaceae | †Manchestercarpa vancouverensis Atkinson | Fruit, seed | Canada | Middle Campanian | 72.1 | crown Meliaceae | Atkinson (2020) |
| C24 | Rutaceae | †Rutaspermum biornatum Knobloch & Mai | Seed | Germany | Maastrichtian | 66 | crown Rutaceae | Knobloch and Mai (1986) |
| C25 | Rutaceae | †Clausena sp. | Leaf | Ethiopia | Late Oligocene | 27.23 | stem Clausena + Glycosmis | Pan (2010) |
| C26 | Rutaceae | †Citrus linczangensis Xie et al. | Leaf | China | Late Miocene | 11.6 | stem Citrus | Xie et al. (2013) |
| C27 | Rutaceae | †Ptelea paliuruoides (Brown) Manchester & O’Leary | Fruit, seed | USA | Middle Eocene | 48.5 | stem Ptelea + Peltostigma + Plethadenia + Decazyx clade | Manchester and O’Leary (2010) |
| C28 | Rutaceae | †Zanthoxylum sp. | Seed | UK | Ypresian | 47.8 | stem Zanthoxylum | Chandler (1961) |
| C29 | Rutaceae | †Euodia costata (Chandler) Tiffney | Seed | UK | Latest Paleocene (Thanetian) | 56 | crown Rutoideae clade | Tiffney (1981) |
| C30 | Rutaceae | †Vepris sp. | Leaf | Ethiopia | Late Oligocene | 27.23 | stem Vepris | Pan (2010) |
Further details of each fossil and justification for their placement are provided in Supplementary Material 3 .
The dagger symbol (†) indicates fossil taxa.