Table 4.
Multi-variate robust Poisson regression: relative risk (RR) for risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality during the first and second pandemic waves at a coronavirus disease 2019 reference hospital in Northeast Brazil.
| First wave |
Second wave |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | RR (95% CI) | P-value | RR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Age group, years (reference group: <29 years) | ||||
| >80 | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 0.281 | 1.6 (1.07–2.38) | 0.021 |
| 70–79 | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | 0.365 | 1.34 (0.95–1.91) | 0.172 |
| 60–69 | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.911 | 1.28 (0.90–1.81) | 0.172 |
| 50–59 | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 0.996 | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) | 0.124 |
| 40–49 | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.635 | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 0.243 |
| 30–39 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.024 | 1.21 (0.85–1.74) | 0.294 |
| Initial symptoms | ||||
| Cough | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.091 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.898 |
| Myalgia | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.525 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.979 |
| Asthenia | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 0.611 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.298 |
| Sore throat | 0.84 (0.7–1.0) | 0.049 | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 0.394 |
| Nasal congestion | 0.92 (0.68–1.22) | 0.553 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.751 |
| Headache | 1.05 (0,90–1.22) | 0.562 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.004 |
| Diarrhoea | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.748 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 0.617 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Obesity | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.964 | 1.00 (0.93–1.06) | 0.943 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.909 | 1.1 (0.81–1.51) | 0.54 |
| Neurological disease | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) | 0.035 | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 0.486 |
| Vital signs at hospital admission SpO2, % (reference group: >94) | ||||
| <90 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.755 | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.786 |
| 90–94 | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 0.193 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.104 |
| Respiratory rate >22 bpm | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.443 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.368 |
| Heart rate >100 bpm | 1.1 (1.01–1.2) | 0.022 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.529 |
| Glasgow coma scale score <15 | 1.34 (1.2–1.5) | <0,001 | 1.24 (1–1.53) | 0.046 |
| Oxygen therapy during hospital stay | ||||
| Low-flow nasal cannula | 0.66 (0.57–0.77) | <0,001 | 1.02 (0.9–1.15) | 0.768 |
| Mask oxygen | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | <0,001 | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | 0.03 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 4.28 (2.86–6.41) | <0,001 | 12.94 (3.41–49.12) | <0,001 |
| Other supportive therapy | ||||
| Tracheostomy | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.82 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.821 |
| Haemodialysis | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 0.55 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.821 |
| Pharmacological treatment | ||||
| Albendazole | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.037 | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.129 |
| Opioid analgesic | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | <0,001 | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) | 0.021 |
| Anxiolytic | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.023 | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.002 |
| Anticonvulsivant | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) | 0.259 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 0.309 |
| Antidepressant | 0,82 (0.6–1.12) | 0.214 | 0.67 (0.46–0.99) | 0.042 |
| Prednisone | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.058 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | <0,001 |
| Diuretic | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) | 0.028 | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.269 |
| Vasoactive drug | 1.88 (1.46–2.42) | <0,001 | 3.3 (1.13–9.66) | 0.029 |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.207 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.222 |
| Unfractionated heparin | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.681 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.478 |
| Azithromycin | 1.09 (0.98–1.2) | 0.114 | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.626 |
| Non-respiratory complications | ||||
| Acute renal failure | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.275 | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.004 |
| Thomboembolic complications | 1.11 (0.82–1.5) | 0.492 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.677 |
| Sepsis | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.804 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.236 |
| Septic shock | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.62 | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | 0.437 |
| Hypovolaemic shock | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.29 | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.416 |
SpO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; CI, confidence interval.