Table 3.
Risk of bias domain: ROBINS-I.
| Study | Bias due to confounding | Bias in participant selection | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias because of missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ardington et al., 2021 | moderate | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Arenas and Gortazar (2022) | Low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Bielinski et al. (2021) | moderate | moderate | low | low | low | low | moderate |
| Birkelund and Karlson (2021) | Low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Borgonovi and Ferrara (2022) | Low | low | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Clark et al. (2021) | serious | serious | low | moderate | low | low | serious |
| Contini et al. (2021) | moderate | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| De Paola et al. (2022) | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Depping et al. (2021) | serious | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | serious |
| Domingue et al. (2021) | moderate | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| El Said (2021) | serious | moderate | low | serious | low | low | serious |
| Engzell et al. (2021) | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Fälth et al. (2021) | serious | moderate | low | serious | low | low | serious |
| Feng et al. (2021) | serious | serious | low | serious | low | low | serious |
| Gambi and De Witte (2021) | low | moderate | low | moderate | moderate | low | moderate |
| Gore et al. (2021) | moderate | low | low | low | low | moderate | moderate |
| Haelermans et al. (2021) | low | low | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Hevia et al. (2022) | serious | serious | low | moderate | low | low | serious |
| Kogan and Lavertu (2021a) | moderate | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Kogan and Lavertu (2021b) | low | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Korbel and Prokop (2021) | serious | low | low | serious | low | low | serious |
| Kuhfeld et al.(2020) | moderate | low | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Kuhfeld et al. (2022) | moderate | low | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Lichand et al. (2021) | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Ludewig et al. (2022) | moderate | low | low | low | low | low | moderate |
| Maldonado and De Witte (2022) | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Meeter (2021) | serious | moderate | moderate | low | low | moderate | serious |
| Moliner and Alegre (2022) | serious | moderate | low | Serious | moderate | low | serious |
| Moliner et al. (2022) | serious | moderate | low | Serious | moderate | low | serious |
| Orlov et al. (2021) | moderate | low | low | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Rose et al. (2021) | serious | serious | low | N/A | low | low | serious |
| Schult et al. (2021) | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | low | low | moderate |
| Schuurman et al. (2022) | serious | moderate | low | Serious | low | low | serious |
| Skar et al.(2022) | moderate | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | moderate |
| Spitzer and Musslick (2021) | serious | low | low | Low | low | moderate | serious |
| Tomasik et al. (2021) | serious | low | low | moderate | low | low | serious |
| Van der Velde et al. (2021) | serious | moderate | low | Low | moderate | low | serious |
| Žnidaršič et al. (2022) | moderate | moderate | low | moderate | serious | low | serious |