Fig. 3.

Combination therapy reverses M2-like macrophages into M1-like macrophages and activates T cells, promoting antitumor effects. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy induce tumor cell death and the release of tumor-associated antigens. Tumor-associated antigens are administered to T cells and activate T cells through antigen-presenting cells. Macrophages are re-recruited by tumor-associated antigens and radiation-induced cytokines. M1 polarization induced by chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, and targeted agents enhances immunotherapy sensitivity