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Chemical structure of key nucleotides discussed in this review. (A) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP); (B) adenosine diphosphate (ADP); (C) diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A); (D) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); (E) guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP); (F) GTP 3′-diphosphate (pppGpp)/GDP 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp).
