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. 2023 Mar 17;18:341–348. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S394832

Table 4.

Factors Associated with Previously Performed Spirometry or PEF Within the Last 12 Months (n=162). Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) from Single Models Comprising All Co-Variates

Factors All (n=751) Males (n=347) Females (n=404)
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Current smoking 1.06 (0.64–1.76) 1.33 (0.64–2.75) 0.87 (0.42–1.78)
Former smoking 1.18 (0.78–1.78) 1.41 (0.79–2.52) 0.99 (0.55–1.81)
Gender F vs M 0.77 (0.53–1.13)
Age 1.01 (0.97–1.05) 1.01 (0.96–1.07) 1.01 (0.95–1.07)
Occupational exposure to VGDF 2.17 (1.47–3.20) 1.85 (1.10–3.11) 2.61 (1.46–4.70)
Wheeze 2.54 (1.38–4.69) 2.04 (0.87–4.78) 3.29 (1.37–7.92)
Dyspnea 2.50 (1.47–4.25) 2.68 (1.15–6.26) 2.30 (1.15–4.60)

Note: Bold text indicates statistical significance.

Abbreviation: VGDF, vapor, gas, dust or fumes.