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. 2023 Mar 6;14:1114739. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114739

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

TiO2 NPs-induced inflammation and barrier disruption in triple-cell culture model on-chip (A) Overview of the timeline for cell seeding and NPs exposure on-chip. (B) Representative immunofluorescent (maximum projection intensity) images for alveolar apical and basal endothelial barrier stained with ZO1 (in green) and nuclei with Hoechst (in blue) under ALI + CS. Scale bar here is 20 µm. (C) TER (Ohm-cm2) measured before at 0 h and after TiO2 NPs exposure at 24 h and 48 h (N = 2; n = 6). (D) LDH release was measured from 24 h to 48 h samples in ALI and ALI + CS conditions (N = 2; n = 4/conditions/time-point). Significance was measured relative to the respective ALI or ALI+CS CTRL. (E) mRNA was harvested at 48 h time-point. Gene expression for epithelial, inflammation and macrophage related markers were measured in both ALI and ALI + CS conditions (N = 2, n = 4/conditions). Data are shown as mean ± SEM.