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. 2023 Mar 6;14:1114739. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114739

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Copyright © 2023 Sengupta, Dorn, Jamshidi, Schwob, Hassan, De Maddalena, Hugi, Stucki, Dorn, Marti, Wisser, Stucki, Krebs, Hobi and Guenat.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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NPs-induced inflammation in primary human alveolar epithelial cells (^AXhAEpC) on-chip (A) A schematic representation ^AXhAEpCs seeded in the AX12 plate. The timeline shows the cell culture and NP exposure process on-chip. (B) TER values (Ohm-cm2) were recorded before NPs nebulization (at 0 h) and at 6h and 24 h after TiO2 and TiO2+ZnO mixed NPs exposure (N = 2; n = 6). The significance of exposure at 6h and 24 h was measured compared with the values at 0 h. (C) The levels of LDH at 24 h were normalized using untreated control samples (ALI and ALI + CS) (N = 2, n = 4). (D) Gene expression was analyzed 24 h after NPs exposure using mRNA harvested from ALI + CS cell cultures. The fold change values were normalized to healthy controls (N = 2, n = 4). Data are shown as mean ± SEM.