Table 1.
EQ-5D-5L utility values, WHODAS scores, and PROMIS scores stratified by select demographic and clinical characteristics
| Variable | N (%) | Median (IQR) utility value (n = 82) | Median (IQR) WHODAS score (n = 73) | Median (IQR) PROMIS PH score (n = 80) | Median (IQR) PROMIS MH score (n = 77) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 82 (100) | 0.59 (0.42) | 50.0 (27.1) | 10.5 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
| Time since onset of infection/symptoms | |||||
| 0–6 months | 15 (18.3) | 0.62 (0.81) | 41.7 (31.3) | 12.0 (6.0) | 6.0 (5.0) |
| 7–12 months | 20 (24.4) | 0.59 (0.31) | 44.8 (25.0) | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (6.0) |
| 13–18 months | 14 (17.1) | 0.48 (0.35) | 62.5 (20.9) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| 19+ months | 20 (24.4) | 0.59 (0.33) | 53.2 (16.6) | 11.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
| Unknown/Missing* | 13 (15.9) | 0.62 (0.39) | 47.9 (41.7) | 11.5 (6.0) | 9.5 (5.0) |
| Severity of acute COVID-19 infection | |||||
| Asymptomatic | 4 (4.9) | 0.33 (0.56) | 58.4 (30.3) | 8.0 (3.0) | 7.0 (4.5) |
| Mild | 35 (42.7) | 0.62 (0.51) | 45.9 (33.3) | 12.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.5) |
| Moderate | 36 (43.9) | 0.53 (0.33) | 52.1 (25.0) | 10.0 (3.5) | 8.0 (4.0) |
| Severe | 3 (3.7) | 0.60 (0.19) | 37.5 (14.6) | 11.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (6.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 4 (4.9) | 0.74 (0.29) | 47.9 (39.5) | 12.0 (2.0) | 13.0 (6.0) |
| Gender | |||||
| Women | 44 (53.7) | 0.59 (0.32) | 52.1 (27.1)† | 10.0 (4.0)† | 8.5 (4.0) |
| Men | 30 (36.6) | 0.59 (0.50) | 42.8 (33.4)† | 12.0 (4.0)† | 6.5 (5.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 8 (9.8) | 0.60 (0.67) | 47.9 (33.3) | 10.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Age | |||||
| 18–29 | 21 (25.3) | 0.36 (0.53) | 47.9 (31.3) | 11.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (5.5) |
| 30–49 | 31 (37.4) | 0.62 (0.19) | 51.1 (25.0) | 11.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
| 50+ | 19 (22.9) | 0.59 (0.38) | 50.0 (31.3) | 9.0 (4.0) | 9.0 (5.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 11 (14.5) | 0.54 (0.67) | 50.0 (12.5) | 9.5 (5.0) | 7.0 (4.0) |
| Education status | |||||
| Less than Bachelor’s Degree | 20 (24.4) | 0.64 (0.30) | 43.8 (27.1) | 12.0 (6.0) | 6.0 (4.0) |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 35 (42.7) | 0.56 (0.31) | 52.1 (27.1) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.5 (4.0) |
| Master’s or Doctorate | 19 (23.2) | 0.59 (0.50) | 52.1 (33.3) | 10.0 (4.0) | 7.5 (5.0) |
| Unknown/Missing* | 8 (9.8) | 0.60 (0.67) | 47.9 (33.3) | 10.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Geographic setting | |||||
| Urban/suburban | 57 (69.5) | 0.56 (0.39) | 52.1 (29.2) | 10.5 (4.5) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Rural | 15 (18.3) | 0.60 (0.39) | 51.1 (22.9) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (2.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 10 (12.2) | 0.69 (0.67) | 47.9 (29.1) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
| Insurance | |||||
| Private | 23 (28.1) | 0.52 (0.35) | 47.9 (20.9) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Government | 17 (20.7) | 0.56 (0.22) | 53.2 (21.9) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (2.5) |
| Other Insurance | 2 (2.4) | 0.68 (0.19) | 31.3 (33.3) | 10.5 (7.0) | 13.5 (5.0) |
| Uninsured | 10 (12.2) | 0.68 (0.22) | 45.9 (29.2) | 10.5 (5.0) | 8.5 (3.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 33 (40.2) | 0.60 (0.58) | 51.1 (37.5) | 11.0 (5.0) | 7.5 (4.5) |
| BMI | |||||
| < 25 | 35 (42.7) | 0.56 (0.60) | 47.9 (31.3) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| 25 to < 30 | 13 (15.7) | 0.58 (0.29) | 46.9 (20.9) | 12.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (1.0) |
| 30+ | 15 (18.1) | 0.59 (0.32) | 47.9 (20.8) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 19 (24.1) | 0.63 (0.37) | 52.1 (2.1) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (6.0) |
| Exercise per week (pre-COVID) | |||||
| 0 to < 2 h | 19 (23.2) | 0.59 (0.26)† | 43.8 (23.0) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
| 2 to < 5 h | 26 (31.7) | 0.63 (0.43)† | 47.9 (27.1) | 11.0 (2.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| 5+ hours | 31 (37.8) | 0.41 (0.51)† | 56.3 (24.0) | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 6 (7.3) | 0.76 (0.34) | 35.5 (33.3) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
| COVID status | |||||
| Confirmed | 49 (59.8) | 0.56 (0.45) | 47.9 (25.0) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| Suspected | 33 (40.2) | 0.59 (0.33) | 52.1 (28.2) | 10.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (4.0) |
| Received COVID vaccine | |||||
| Yes | 71 (86.6) | 0.58 (0.40) | 52.1 (27.1) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
| No | 10 (12.2) | 0.63 (0.50) | 41.7 (14.6) | 11.5 (5.0) | 7.5 (6.0) |
| Symptom count (previous 30 days) | |||||
| < 10 | 36 (43.9) | 0.61 (0.40)† | 41.7 (27.1)† | 11.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (6.0) |
| 10–29 | 27 (32.9) | 0.68 (0.43)† | 43.8 (18.8)† | 12.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (4.0) |
| 30+ | 19 (23.2) | 0.44 (0.31)† | 62.5 (18.7)† | 8.0 (3.0)† | 8.0 (3.0) |
| Long COVID clinic | |||||
| Yes | 14 (18.4) | 0.29 (0.65)† | 49.0 (29.2) | 9.0 (3.0)† | 6.5 (3.0)† |
| No | 58 (76.3) | 0.59 (0.39)† | 56.3 (27.0) | 11.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (5.0)† |
| Medication use specific to long COVID | |||||
| Yes | 47 (57.3) | 0.54 (0.46) | 53.2 (25.0)† | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
| No | 25 (30.5) | 0.59 (0.31) | 43.8 (25.0)† | 11.0 (5.0) | 9.0 (5.0) |
| Unsure* | 3 (3.7) | 0.41 (0.24) | 35.4 (14.6) | 12.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (10.0) |
| Unknown/missing* | 7 (8.5) | 0.78 (0.39) | 35.4 (18.7) | 11.0 (4.0) | – |
Utility values range from “0”, respresenting a health state equivalent to death, and “1”, representing “perfect health.” WHODAS scores range from “0” representing no disability and “100” representing full disability. PROMIS PH and MH Scores range from “4” to “20” with higher scores indicative of better health
PH physical health, MH mental health, BMI body mass index
*Unknown/missing/unsure categories were not used in the calculation of p values
†Significant at p < 0.05