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. 2023 Mar 21;13:4648. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31198-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 RBD-cCPE/influenza H1-HA₁-cCPE induces SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (Wuhan-Hu-1) neutralizing antibodies in NALF, BALF and serum. Mice (n = 5, a–e) were prime-boost immunized intranasally (days 0 and 21) with bivalent SARS-CoV-2 RBD-cCPE/influenza H1-HA₁-cCPE vaccine, adjuvanted with Riboxxim. NALF, BALF and sera were obtained on day 28, 1 week after the boost, diluted in fourfold steps, and assayed for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. The spike protein sequence was derived from SARS-CoV-2 strain Wuhan-Hu-1.