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. 2023 Mar 21;1(6):426–439. doi: 10.1038/s44222-023-00044-6

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Fig. 3 — A modular cloning approach using magnICON plasmids facilitates the rapid engineering and expression of antibody variants, exploiting the largely independent nature of constant and variable regions (Fab). The N-terminally located Fab is generated by variable heavy and light chains (V_H, V_L). The C-terminally located constant region is generated by constant heavy and light chains (C_H, C_L) which, in part make up the Fc region. Two plasmids are generated, carrying the C_H, C_L, respectively. Both plasmids carry a cloning site for rapid insertion of variable sequences (V_H or V_L). This design allows the rapid cloning and expression of various monoclonal antibody formats with identical antigen binding but a different constant region^69,70. 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region of potato virus X; 35S-P, cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; Act2-P, Arabidopsis thaliana actin 2 promoter; Nos-T, Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator; seq, sequences.