TABLE 3.
Potential Sensitizers for GBC Chemotherapeutics
| Sensitizer | Sensitized drugs | Targets | Cell lines | Sensitivity to drugs (in vitro) | Sensitivity to drugs (in vivo) | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maslinic acid | GEM79 | NF-κB Pathway | EH-GB1+EH-GB2+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2015 |
| Chloroquine | GEM85 | Autophagy | NOZ+SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2020 |
| Lenvatinib | GEM86 | PI3K/AKT | NOZ+GBC-SD | Up | — | 2021 |
| α-Mangostin | GEM87 | AMPK | NOZ+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2020 |
| Hispidulin | GEM+5-FU88 | HIF-1α/P-gp | GBC-SD | Up | — | 2015 |
| Bufalin | 5-FU77 | MEK/ERK+PI3K/AKT | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | — | 2020 |
| Lovastatin | CDDP51 | Mevalonate Pathway | NOZ+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2019 |
| Leptin | GEM71 | CEBPD | RCB-1130 | Down | — | 2021 |
| Tamoxifen | CDDP72 | Nrf2 | NOZ+SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2020 |
| Icariin | GEM89 | NF-κB | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2013 |
| Metformin | CDDP90 | PI3K/AKT/ERK Pathway | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2018 |
| OSI-027 | 5-FU91 | mTOR | RBE+GBC-SD | Up | — | 2016 |
| Cordycepin | GEM+5-FU92 | AMPK/mTORC1 | GBC-SD | Up | — | 2014 |
| Phenoxodiol | GEM93 | Akt/mTOR | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2014 |
| Verapamil | CDDP+CBP+OXA94 | GSH+MRP1 | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | — | 2013 |
| Emodin | CDDP83 | Survivin | SGC-996 | Up | Up | 2011 |
| Emodin | CDDP95 | ABCG2 | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2013 |
| Sesamin | CDDP62 | NF-κB-IL-6-Stat3-Twist | SGC-996+GBC-SD | Up | Up | 2014 |
| Emodin | CDDP73 | MRP1 | SGC-996 | Up | — | 2010 |
| Somatostatin | DOX96 | ICBP90 | GBC-SD | Up | — | 2008 |
5-FU indicates 5-fluorouracil; CDDP, cisplatin; cli, clinical research; Dox, doxorubicin; DTX, docetaxel; GBC, gallbladder cancer; GEM, gemcitabine; KD, knockdown; KO, knockout; OE, overexpress; OXA, oxaliplatin; vtr, in vitro; vvo, in vivo.