Table 3.
Estimated Relative Risk Ratios of Changes in Participation Predicting Pandemic Depression from Multinomial Logistic Regression Models, NHATS Round 10 COVID-19 Supplemental Sample (N=3,181)
| Mild Depression vs. None at All | Moderate/Severe Depression vs. None at All | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| RRR | SE | RRR | SE | |
|
| ||||
| Changes in Participation (ref: ongoing participation) | ||||
| Working for pay | ||||
| Never participated | 1.28 | (0.24) | 1.31 | (0.33) |
| Stopped participating | 1.89 | (0.61) | 3.10** | (1.22) |
| Started participating | 0.94 | (0.50) | 1.43 | (0.84) |
| Volunteering | ||||
| Never participated | 0.96 | (0.22) | 0.83 | (0.23) |
| Stopped participating | 0.96 | (0.22) | 0.89 | (0.26) |
| Started participating | 1.26 | (0.62) | 1.21 | (0.62) |
| Religious services | ||||
| Never participated | 0.75 | (0.11) | 0.92 | (0.17) |
| Stopped participating | 0.69* | (0.12) | 0.86 | (0.17) |
| Started participating | 1.13 | (0.48) | 1.24 | (0.58) |
| Clubs, classes, activities | ||||
| Never participated | 0.91 | (0.20) | 1.17 | (0.26) |
| Stopped participating | 1.18 | (0.25) | 1.30 | (0.27) |
| Started participating | 0.81 | (0.33) | 1.00 | (0.44) |
| Pre-pandemic depression (2019) | 2.11*** | (0.32) | 4.63*** | (0.93) |
| Female | 1.70*** | (0.21) | 2.77*** | (0.40) |
| Race-Ethnicity (ref: White) | ||||
| Black | 0.79 | (0.15) | 0.84 | (0.19) |
| Hispanic | 1.16 | (0.30) | 1.54 | (0.47) |
| Other | 1.56 | (0.50) | 0.79 | (0.34) |
| Age (ref: 65 to 69) | ||||
| 70 to 74 | 0.52 | (0.21) | 0.92 | (0.55) |
| 75 to 79 | 0.56 | (0.23) | 0.82 | (0.47) |
| 80 to 84 | 0.54 | (0.21) | 1.00 | (0.59) |
| 85 to 89 | 0.55 | (0.21) | 1.03 | (0.58) |
| 90 or older | 0.70 | (0.29) | 1.64 | (0.99) |
| Marital status (ref: Married) | ||||
| Cohabitated | 0.63 | (0.24) | 0.60 | (0.28) |
| Separated/Divorced | 0.80 | (0.13) | 0.85 | (0.17) |
| Widowed | 0.92 | (0.16) | 0.80 | (0.14) |
| Never married | 1.28 | (0.39) | 0.65 | (0.26) |
| Education (ref: Less than HS) | ||||
| High school diploma | 1.09 | (0.19) | 1.42 | (0.35) |
| Some College | 1.30 | (0.23) | 2.56*** | (0.57) |
| College Degree | 1.46 | (0.32) | 2.18** | (0.63) |
| Chronic conditions (2019) | 0.96 | (0.03) | 1.04 | (0.05) |
| Caregiving (2019) | 0.99 | (0.15) | 1.10 | (0.18) |
| Low social support (2019) | 0.38** | (0.13) | 1.05 | (0.43) |
| Residence infection | 1.36 | (0.41) | 1.82 | (0.79) |
| Community dwelling | 1.42 | (0.35) | 1.48 | (0.52) |
| Proxy assisted | 0.53*** | (0.09) | 0.48** | (0.12) |
| Month of response | 1.02 | (0.07) | 0.88 | (0.08) |
Notes:
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05