Table 1.
Characteristics of Critically Ill Study Patients With COVID-19 Stratified by Whether They Died in Hospital or Survived to Dischargea
| Variable | Total (N = 110) | Died (n = 39) | Alive (n = 71) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 63 (52 to 71) | 69 (64 to 75) | 58 (43 to 67) | < .001 |
| Female sex | 40 (36.4) | 12 (30.8) | 28 (39.4) | .366 |
| Race | .093 | |||
| White | 52 (47.3) | 17 (43.6) | 35 (49.3) | . . . |
| Black | 18 (16.4) | 10 (25.6) | 8 (11.3) | . . . |
| Other | 18 (16.4) | 3 (7.7) | 15 (21.1) | . . . |
| Not documented | 22 (20.0) | 9 (23.1) | 13 (18.3) | . . . |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 34 (30.9) | 12 (30.8) | 22 (31.0) | . . . |
| Not Hispanic | 74 (67.3) | 27 (69.2) | 47 (66.2) | . . . |
| Unknown | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | . . . |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.0 (26.1 to 33.1) | 30.3 (26.1 to 32.8) | 29.9 (26.5 to 34.2) | .886 |
| Baseline comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 66 (60.0) | 27 (69.2) | 39 (54.9) | .143 |
| Neurologic disease, % | 13 (11.8) | 7 (18.0) | 6 (8.5) | .140 |
| Pulmonary disease, % | 19 (17.3) | 6 (15.4) | 13 (18.3) | .698 |
| GI disease, % | 7 (6.4) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (7.0) | .694 |
| Endocrine disease, % | 57 (51.8) | 26 (66.7) | 31 (43.7) | .021 |
| Renal disease, % | 18 (16.4) | 8 (20.5) | 10 (14.1) | .383 |
| Hematologic disease, % | 4 (3.6) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (2.8) | .536 |
| Malignancy, % | 2 (1.8) | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | .054 |
| Other immunosuppression, % | 9.1 | 15.4 | 5.6 | .089 |
| Day 1 SOFA score | 5 (4 to 7) | 6 (4 to 9) | 4 (3 to 7) | .015 |
| Day 1 Pao2 to Fio2 ratio | 104 (71 to 158) | 79 (65 to 127) | 119 (81 to 167) | .020 |
| Day 1 highest PEEP, cm H2O | 5 (0 to 10) | 5 (0 to 10) | 0 (0 to 10) | .348 |
| Day 1 ventilation type | .198 | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 37 (33.6) | 15 (38.5) | 22 (31.0) | . . . |
| Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation | 10 (9.1) | 6 (15.4) | 4 (5.6) | . . . |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 58 (52.7) | 16 (41.0) | 42 (59.2) | . . . |
| Nasal cannula | 5 (4.6) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (4.2) | . . . |
| Room air | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | . . . |
| Day 1 troponin I level, ng/mL | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.09) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.14) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.06) | .030 |
| Day 1 BNP level, pg/mL | 65 (0 to 150) | 71 (2 to 346) | 58 (0 to 117) | .284 |
| Day 1 receipt of vasopressors | 22 (20.0) | 10 (25.6) | 12 (16.9) | .273 |
| Vasopressor dosage (of those receiving vasopressors), μg/kg/min NEE15 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.28) | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.41) | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.16) | .898 |
| Day 1 echocardiography and ultrasound measurements | . . . | |||
| LV systolic dysfunction, %b | 42.2 (38 of 90) | 50.0 (16 of 32) | 37.9 (22 of 58) | .267 |
| LVEF | 62 (52 to 69) | 65 (59 to 71) | 61 (51 to 66) | .060 |
| LV longitudinal strain, % | 16.0 (13.7 to 19.1) | 14.4 (12.8 to 17.9) | 17.9 (14.4 to 19.6) | .118 |
| RV dysfunction, %b | 64.2 (52 of 81) | 75.9 (22 of 29) | 57.7 (30 of 52) | .102 |
| RV fractional area change, % | 38.8 (32.8 to 47.5) | 37.5 (22.9 to 42.8) | 40.8 (34.4 to 49.1) | .077 |
| RV free-wall strain, % | 19.2 (12.3 to 24.9) | 16.3 (12.0 to 20.4) | 21.2 (15.0 to 25.6) | .042 |
| Tricuspid annulus systolic plane excursion, cm | 2.03 (1.69 to 2.33) | 1.85 (1.27 to 2.10) | 2.14 (1.90 to 2.45) | .110 |
| RV to LV end-diastolic diameter ratio | 0.90 (0.78 to 0.97) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.89 (0.74 to 0.96) | .155 |
| IVC collapsibility index | 0.21 (0.12 to 0.51) | 0.21 (0.13 to 0.53) | 0.22 (0.11 to 0.48) | .812 |
| Presence of DVT on study ultrasound | 3 (2.7) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.4) | .252 |
| Hospital course | . . . | |||
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 20 (18.2) | 8 (20.5) | 12 (16.9) | .639 |
| AV-nodal blockade, % | 10 (9.1) | 5 (12.8) | 5 (7.0) | .313 |
| Other arrhythmia, % | 23 (20.9) | 10 (25.6) | 13 (18.3) | .366 |
| Highest BNP, pg/mL | 73 (1 to 201) | 92 (6 to 430) | 70 (0 to 131) | .189 |
| Highest troponin I, ng/mL | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.26) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.70) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.09) | .002 |
| Clinical diagnosis of DVT or PE, % | 14 (12.7) | 5 (12.8) | 9 (12.7) | .983 |
| Fluid balance over first 7 d, L | –6.4 (–10.5 to –2.0) | –7.5 (–10.5 to –2.6) | –5.9 (–10.2 to –2.0) | .749 |
| Received IMV during study, % | 53 (48.2) | 25 (64.1) | 28 (39.4) | .013 |
| Received vasopressors during study, % | 39 (35.5) | 22 (56.4) | 17 (23.9) | < .001 |
| Hospital length of stay, d | 14 (7-22) | 15 (9-21) | 13 (7-25) | .641 |
Data are presented as No. (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated. AV = atrioventricular; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation; IVC = inferior vena cava; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NEE = norepinephrine equivalent; PE = pulmonary embolism; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; RV = right ventricle; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
a
Tests of significance are unadjusted for multiple comparisons.
b
For left ventricular and right ventricular systolic dysfunction, when complete imaging was not available, the proportion followed by numerator and denominator of completed measurements are reported.