Table 2.
Characteristics of Critically Ill Study Patients With COVID-19 in Whom Function Could Be Determined (n = 90), Stratified by Day 1 LV Functiona
| Variable | LV Normal Function (n = 52) | LV Dysfunction (n = 38) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 60 (48-69) | 64 (57-71) | .257 |
| Female sex | 21 (40.4) | 11 (29.0) | .263 |
| Race | .833 | ||
| White | 24 (46.2) | 21 (55.3) | |
| Black | 8 (15.4) | 5 (13.2) | |
| Other | 8 (15.4) | 4 (10.5) | |
| Not documented | 12 (23.1) | 8 (21.1) | |
| Ethnicity | .962 | ||
| Hispanic | 16 (30.8) | 11 (29.0) | |
| Not Hispanic | 35 (67.3) | 26 (68.4) | |
| Unknown | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.0 (25.1 to 32.4) | 30.7 (26.2 to 34.4) | .395 |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 29 (55.8) | 24 (63.2) | .482 |
| Neurologic disease, % | 7 (13.5) | 4 (10.5) | .675 |
| Pulmonary disease, % | 5 (9.6) | 12 (31.6) | .009 |
| GI disease, % | 4 (7.7) | 3 (7.9) | .972 |
| Endocrine disease, % | 24 (46.2) | 22 (57.9) | .271 |
| Renal disease, % | 9 (17.3) | 8 (21.1) | .654 |
| Hematologic disease, % | 2 (3.9) | 1 (2.6) | .751 |
| Malignancy, % | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | .822 |
| Other immunosuppression, % | 6 (11.5) | 3 (7.9) | .569 |
| Day 1 SOFA score | 4 (3 to 6) | 7 (4 to 9) | .017 |
| Day 1 Pao2 to Fio2 ratio | 95 (67 to 134) | 108 (77 to 133) | .467 |
| Day 1 highest PEEP, cm H2O | 0 (0-8) | 0 (0-10) | .354 |
| Day 1 ventilation type | .689 | ||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, % | 13 (25.0) | 12 (31.6) | |
| Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, % | 6 (11.5) | 3 (7.9) | |
| High-flow nasal cannula, % | 31 (59.7) | 20 (52.6) | |
| Nasal cannula, % | 5 (5.6) | 2 (3.9) | |
| Room air, % | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Day 1 troponin I level, ng/mL | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.06) | .188 |
| Day 1 BNP level | 40 (0 to 98) | 47 (2 to 113) | .282 |
| Day 1 receipt of vasopressors | 8 (15.4) | 8 (21.1) | .487 |
| Vasopressor dosage (of those receiving vasopressors), μ g/kg/min NEE | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.17) | 0.18 (0.06 to 0.33) | .545 |
| Day 1 echocardiography and ultrasound measurements | |||
| LVEF, % | 65 (60 to 70) | 48 (41 to 63) | < .001 |
| LV longitudinal strain, % | 19.6 (18.4 to 21.6) | 13.8 (11.3 to 14.8) | < .001 |
| RV dysfunction, %b | 55.3 (26 of 47) | 77.8 (21 of 27) | .053 |
| RV fractional area change, % | 42.9 (36.8 to 48.4) | 35.3 (17.4 to 40.7) | .005 |
| RV free-wall strain, % | 21.6 (18.3 to 26.3) | 13.8 (7.0 to 20.5) | < .001 |
| Tricuspid annulus systolic plane excursion, cm | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.3) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.2) | .227 |
| RV to LV ratio | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.90 (0.77 to 0.96) | .819 |
| IVC collapsibility index | 0.21 (0.13 to 0.52) | 0.28 (0.09 to 0.51) | .858 |
| Presence of DVT on study ultrasound, % | 1 (1.9) | 2 (5.3) | .383 |
| Hospital course | |||
| Experienced atrial fibrillation, % | 7 (13.5) | 8 (21.1) | .340 |
| Experienced AV-nodal blockade, % | 4 (7.7) | 5 (13.2) | .393 |
| Experienced other arrhythmia, % | 13 (25.0) | 5 (13.2) | .165 |
| Highest BNP level, pg/mL | 42 (0 to 107) | 77 (3 to 150) | .181 |
| Highest troponin I level, ng/mL | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.09) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.12) | .220 |
| Clinical diagnosis of DVT or PE, % | 8 (15.4) | 4 (10.5) | .503 |
| Fluid balance over first 7 d, L | –7.0 (–10.5 to –2.6) | –5.9 (–9.8 to –0.8) | .460 |
| Received IMV during study, % | 22 (42.3) | 17 (44.7) | .818 |
| Received vasopressors during study, % | 16 (30.8) | 14 (36.8) | .546 |
| Hospital length of stay, d | 13 (7-20) | 15 (7-22) | .844 |
Data are presented as No. (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated. AV = atrioventricular; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation; IVC = inferior vena cava; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NEE = norepinephrine equivalent; PE = pulmonary embolism; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; RV = right ventricle; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Tests of significance were unadjusted for multiple comparisons.
For right ventricular systolic dysfunction, when complete imaging was not available, the proportion followed by numerator and denominator of completed measurements are reported.