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. 2023 Mar 17;13(3):e064540. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064540

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Sex differences and trends of CKD deaths and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. (A) The ASDRs in males and females globally from 1990 to 2019. (B) Death cases ratio between females to males (left) and ASDR ratio between females to males (right), in global and SDI areas in 1990 and 2019. (C) Gender composition of death cases and ASDR in global and SDI areas in 1990 and 2019. (D) Death cases ratio between females to males (left) and ASDR ratio between females to males (right) in 204 countries and territories in 2019. ASDR, age-standardised death rate (per 100 000 population); CKD, chronic kidney disease; SDI, sociodemographic index.