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. 2023 Mar 17;13(3):e064540. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064540

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Predominant contribution of risk factors to CKD-related deaths in global and SDI areas. (A) Death cases and ASDRs attributed to main risk factors by SDI region from 1990 to 2019. (B) The ASDRs trends in SDI regions attributed to each main risk factor. (C) Proportions of deaths in global and SDI regions attributed to each risk factors in 2019. ASDR, age-standardised death rate (per 100 000 population); CKD, chronic kidney disease; SDI, sociodemographic index.