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. 2023 Mar 21;13:4630. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31811-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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THG induced no toxic reaction after locally treatment of the brain tissue for 24 h. (a) A cranial window in the skull was created to expose the brain tissue for direct application of THG thermogel. To apply the gel, a customized bottomless plastic reservoir was fixed to the skull, filled with fluid gel (4 °C), closed and secured on the mouse head. (b) Representative images of histological investigation of brains from naïve, sham and THG-treated mice. H&E on coronal sections from each of experimental case revealed no major sign of adverse cellular and structural change. (c) TUNEL reactions on brains from naïve, sham and THG-treated mice (upper panel) and the same slides after H&E staining (lower panel). No apoptosis was detected in naïve, sham and THG-treated specimens. Positive control (CTRL) was obtained by treating the slices with DNase I. TUNEL unspecific fluorescence on the surface of brains, due to the presence of cerebral membranes, is present in all treated samples as well as in naïve sections.