Table 2.
Ultrasound stimulation in Parkinson's disease.
| Refs. | Experimental animals | Brain targets | Protocol of ultrasound stimulation | Efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal Research | ||||
| Zhou et al. (114) | Male C57BL/6J mice MPTP induced PD model | Subthalamic nucleus (STN) The globus pallidus (GP) |
FF: 3.8 MHz PRF: 1 kHz SD: 1 s ISI: 4 s DC: 50 % Ispta: 180 mW/cm2 The acoustic pressure: 0.1 MPa The full width at half-maximum was 0.8 mm 30 min daily. | (1) Motor behavior was improved. (2) Ultrasound stimulation can protect TH positive neurons in the SNpc against MPTP-induced cell death. (3) Ultrasound stimulation suppresses cell apoptosis by promoting the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibiting Cyt C release from mitochondria. |
| Chen et al. (115) | Male C57BL/6 mice (8-week-old) MPTP induced PD model | The substantia nigra (SN) | FF: 1 MHz PRF: 1 kHz DC: 20% 10 min, 5 times every 24 h | (1) LIPUS treatment can attenuate the central neurotoxicity of MPTP in mice, reduce the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and decrease the apoptosis in the section of substantia nigra. (2) The movement and balance dysfunctions were improved (3) There was no tissue damage. |
| Dong et al. (116) | Male, SD rats 6-OHDA induced PD model | The substantia nigra | FF: 500 kHz PRF: 1 kHz SD: 300 ms TBD: 0.5 ms Isppa: 2.6 W/cm2 The total stimulation duration was 10 min, with a total of 200 trials | (1) Ultrasound stimulation reduces the damage of 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in hemi-PD rats. |
| Sung et al. (117) | Female SD rats 6-OHDA induced PD model | The right striatum | FF:1 MHz PRF: 1 Hz SD: 5 min TBD: 50 ms DC: 5 % Ispta: 528 mW/cm2 The half-maximum of the pressure amplitude of the focal zone had a diameter and length of 3 and 26 mm. 5 days per week for a period of 6 weeks | (1) The locomotor function was significantly improved. (2) LIPUS has restorative effects against 6-OHDA neurotoxin by promoting GDNF protein levels and attenuating the LCN2 release in the SNpc of the brain, thereby suppressing neurotoxic cytokines such as IL-1β. |
| Wang et al. (5) | C57BL/6 mice MPTP induced PD model | Subthalamic nucleus | FF: 500 kHz PRF: 1 kHz DC: 5% SD: 50 ms Isppa: 5.1 W/cm2 The maximum ultrasound pressure was 0.39 MPa. The interstimulus interval was 1 s, and the total stimulation time was 5 min | TUS can significantly decrease parkinsonian-related activity in the motor cortex of mice administered MPTP. |
| Yuan et al. (43) | C57BL/6 mice MPTP induced PD mode | Subthalamic nucleus | FF: 500 kHz PRF: 1 kHz SD: 50 ms DC: 5 % Isppa: 5.1 W/cm2 Ispta: 0.255 W/cm2 The maximum ultrasound pressure was 0.39 MPa. The diameter of the hole at the bottom of the conical collimator is 4 mm. The interstimulus interval was 1 s, and the total stimulation time was 5 min for each stimulus. | (1) Ultrasound stimulation improves behaviors in mice with MPTP-induced PD? (2) The treatment effect gradually improved as the TUS duration increased. |
| Zhou et al. (114) | Male C57BL/6J mice MPTP induced PD mode | The motor cortex | FF: 800 kHz PRF: 100 Hz SD: 6 s ISI: 10 s DC: 10% Isppa: 760 mW/cm2 40 min per day The full-width-at-half-maximum was 2.2 mm. | (1) Seven consecutive days of LIPUS stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorated parkinsonian motor deficits. (2) There was no brain tissue injury. |