Table 4.

Mechanistic study of transcranial ultrasound stimulation in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Mechanisms of low-intensity transcranial
ultrasound stimulation
Thermal effect
The temperature changes	Darrow et al. (153)
Mechanical effect
Change of the opening of ion channels
Voltage-gated sodium channels	Tyler et al. (37)
Voltage-gated calcium channels	Tyler et al. (37)
TRP4, a stretch-sensitive cationic mechanotransduction channel	Ibsen et al. (154)
Mechanosensitive channel (MscL)	Ye et al. (156), Qiu et al. (157)
Cavitation effect
Opening the blood–brain barrier	Xhima et al. (158)
Microtubule resonance
resonating with microtubules	Hameroff et al. (29)
Other factors
Involvement of auditory signaling pathways	Guo et al. (160), Wang et al. (96)