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. 2022 Dec 16;26(1):93–106. doi: 10.5397/cise.2022.01193

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.

The five methods of measuring humeral retroversion. (A) Method 1 measures the angle between the perpendicular axis of the articular surface and the transepicondylar axis (TEA). (B) Method 2 measures the angle between the 9 mm posterior margin of the bicipital groove axis and the TEA. (C) Method 3 measures the angle between the bicipital groove center axis and the elbow transepicondylar axis –30°. (D) Method 4 measures the angle between the axis through the distal humeral head central axis and TEA +2.4° at the distal humeral head. (E) Method 5 measures the angle between the metaphyseal axis and the TEA +2.5°. Adapted from Oh et al. Clin Orthop Surg 2017;9:223-31 [71].