Table 1.
Basic Characteristics of Participants, (mean ± SD) or n (%).
| Total | CG | IG | t/Z/χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 83 (100) | 42 (50.6) | 41 (49.4) | ||
| Age (years) | 71.1 ± 5.1 | 71.6 ± 4.7 | 70.7 ± 5.5 | -0.744 | 0.459 a |
| Height (cm) | 163.1 ± 8.5 | 163.2 ± 8.7 | 163.0 ± 8.4 | -0.090 | 0.928 a |
| Weight (kg) | 65.7 ± 11.7 | 66.9 ± 11.7 | 64.4 ± 11.6 | -1.010 | 0.315 a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 24.0 ± 2.8 | -1.404 | 0.164 a |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141.1 ± 13.4 | 142.6 ± 13.9 | 139.5 ± 12.9 | -1.065 | 0.290 a |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 9.6 | 78.6 ± 9.6 | 78.0 ± 9.2 | -0.325 | 0.746 a |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 78.7 ± 8.2 | 79.5 ± 9.1 | 78.0 ± 7.3 | -0.827 | 0.410 a |
| Gender | 0.120 | 0.729 c | |||
| Males, n (%) | 47 (56.6) | 23 (48.9) | 24 (51.1) | ||
| Females, n (%) | 36 (43.4) | 19 (52.8) | 17 (47.2) | ||
| Diabetes course (years) | 10.0 (4.0, 17.0) | 9.5 (4.0, 15.0) | 13.0 (4.0, 18.5) | -0.775 | 0.438 b |
| Diabetes complications, n (%) | 1.359 | 0.954 d | |||
| Retinopathy | 21 (55.3) | 11 (55.0) | 10 (55.6) | ||
| Nephropathy | 2 (5.3) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.6) | ||
| Neuropathy | 6 (15.8) | 3 (15.0) | 3 (16.7) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (15.8) | 4 (20.0) | 2 (11.1) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (7.9) | 1 (5.0) | 2 (11.1) | ||
| Clinical treatment, n (%) | 1.923 | 0.618 d | |||
| No | 10 (12.0) | 4 (9.5) | 6 (14.6) | ||
| Drug | 56 (67.5) | 31 (73.8) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| Insulin | 6 (7.2) | 3 (7.1) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Drug plus insulin | 11 (13.3) | 4 (9.5) | 7 (17.1) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.122 | 0.727 c | |||
| No | 70 (84.3) | 36 (85.7) | 34 (82.9) | ||
| Yes | 13 (15.7) | 6 (14.3) | 7 (17.1) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | 0.186 | 0.666 c | |||
| No | 61 (73.5) | 30 (71.4) | 31 (75.6) | ||
| Yes | 22 (26.5) | 12 (28.6) | 10 (24.4) | ||
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 1.014 | 0.314 c | |||
| No | 28 (33.7) | 12 (28.6) | 16 (39.0) | ||
| Yes | 55 (66.3) | 30 (71.4) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | 0.002 | 0.964 c | |||
| Light | 12 (14.5) | 6 (14.3) | 6 (14.6) | ||
| Moderate | 71 (85.5) | 36 (85.7) | 35 (85.4) |
a
, independent sample t-test;
b
, Mann–Whitney U test;
c
, chi-square test;
d
, Fisher’s exact test; SD, standard deviation; CG, control group; IG, intervention group; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.