Table 2.
Patient characteristics prior to index datea during COVID-19 outbreak
| Variables | Nosocomial COVID-19 N = 39 (%)b |
Matched control N = 70 (%)b | IRR (95%CI) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 76 (15.5) | 73 (13) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 0.024 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 23 (59.0%) | 49 (70.0%) | 0.62 (0.36–1.04) | 0.070 |
| Underlying diseasec | ||||
| Other Neurological Disorders | 4 (10.3%) | 2 (2.9%) | 2.04 (1.12–3.74) | 0.020 |
| Fluid/Electrolyte Disorders | 14 (35.9%) | 10 (14.3%) | 3.16 (1.57–6.37) | 0.001 |
| Elixhauser score (AHRQ) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 6 (19.5) | 7 (14) | 1.03 (-1.05) | 0.039 |
| Mean (± SD) | 9.87 (11.72) | 8.38 (9.44) | ||
| Laboratory findingsd | ||||
| Abnormal WBC count | 5 (12.8%) | 13 (18.6%) | 0.63 (0.31–1.30) | 0.212 |
| Abnormal Lymphocyte | 18 (46.1%) | 20 (28.6%) | 1.82 (1.12–2.94) | 0.016 |
| Abnormal Creatinine | 18 (46.1%) | 24 (34.3%) | 1.49 (0.94–2.35) | 0.087 |
| Abnormal Platelet | 5 (12.8%) | 7 (10.0%) | 1.00 (0.57–1.78) | 0.992 |
| Abnormal Hemoglobin | 18 (46.1%) | 34 (48.6%) | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.492 |
| Abnormal Neutrophil | 9 (23.1%) | 15 (21.4%) | 1.01 (0.58–1.74) | 0.984 |
| Mobility-slightly limited or no limitations | 34 (87.2%) | 61 (87.1%) | 1.14 (0.54–2.44) | 0.726 |
| Activity-walks occasionally or frequently | 27 (69.2%) | 60 (85.7%) | 0.38 (0.23–0.62) | 0.0001 |
| Braden score, median (IQR) | 20 (18–21) | 20 (19–21) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.482 |
| Medications | ||||
| Days on ACE inhibitors, mean (SD) | 0.82 (1.98) | 0.82 (1.85) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.920 |
| Days on angiotensin II inhibitors, mean (SD) | 1.05 (2.22) | 0.99 (2.20) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.604 |
| Days on angiotensin receptor blockers and neprilysin inhibitors, mean (SD) | 0.11 (0.71) | 0.06 (0.33) | 1.29 (0.78–2.14) | 0.321 |
| Days on diuretic, mean (SD) | 3.03 (3.16) | 2.41 (2.83) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.031 |
| Days on immunosuppressive agents, mean (SD) | 0.52 (1.84) | 0.05 (0.51) | 1.33 (1.10–1.60) | 0.003 |
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, IRR incidence rate ratio, SD standard deviation
aIndex date for cases was either the symptom onset date or first laboratory confirmation for SARS-CoV-2, whichever came first. Index date for controls was when the outbreak was declared, either 19 September 2020 or 30 September 2020
bNumber and percentages displayed, unless otherwise indicated for continuous variables
cOnly those comorbidities that were significantly different between cases and controls are displayed. Additional file 3 lists results for all comorbidities
dAbnormal values based on laboratory measure values falling outside normal ranges as defined by laboratory and clinical criteria