Table 1. Description of Parent-Adolescent Relationship Samples and Characteristics.
| Characteristic | No. (%)a | |
|---|---|---|
| Mother-adolescent relationship sample (n = 10 744) | Father-adolescent relationship sample (n = 8214) | |
| Adolescent biological sex | ||
| Male | 4834 (48.0) | 3821 (49.2) |
| Female | 5910 (52.0) | 4393 (50.8) |
| Adolescent race and ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 1623 (11.3) | 1248 (11.3) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2244 (14.7) | 1195 (9.5) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 5876 (67.3) | 4891 (71.9) |
| Non-Hispanic otherb | 1001 (6.7) | 880 (7.2) |
| Parent educational level (SES) | ||
| <High school | 1257 (11.2) | 834 (9.2) |
| High school diploma or GED certification | 2681 (27.0) | 1888 (25.2) |
| Some college | 3139 (29.9) | 2377 (29.8) |
| College graduate | 3667 (31.8) | 3115 (35.7) |
| Age at wave IV, mean (SD), y [range, 24-32 y] | 28.2 (1.8) | 28.2 (1.8) |
| Family structure | ||
| 2 Biological parents | 6191 (59.1) | 6097 (76.6) |
| Other 2-parent family | 1968 (16.8) | 1552 (16.6) |
| Single-parent family | 2292 (20.4) | 327 (3.9) |
| Other family structure | 383 (3.6) | 238 (2.9) |
| History of child maltreatment | ||
| No | 7343 (68.8) | 5797 (71.2) |
| Yes | 3401 (31.2) | 2417 (28.8) |
| Relationship characteristics, mean (SD) score [range, 1-5] | ||
| Warmth | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.7) |
| Communication | 3.0 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.2) |
| Time together | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.2) |
| Academic expectations | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.9) |
| Relationship or communication satisfaction | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.0 (1.0) |
| Inductive discipline | 4.1 (0.9) | NA |
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development; NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.
a
Percentages and means are weighted to yield national probability estimates; percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
b
Includes respondents of any other non-Hispanic racial group.